Term
|
Definition
| entire genetic complement including both its genes and nucleotide sequences that connect genes to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| specific sequences of nucleotides that code for polypeptides or RNA molecules |
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Term
| what are the components of nucleotides |
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Definition
| pentose sugar, phosphate group and one of five nitrogenous bases |
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Term
| how manny hydrogen bonds between G and C |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how manny H bonds between A and T (or U) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the phosphate group is attached to the carbon at the fifth position |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphate group attached to the carbon in the third position |
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Term
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Definition
| the phosphate group is attached to the carbon at the fifth position |
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Term
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Definition
| one strand goes from 3 to 5 the other from 5 to 3 |
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Term
| DNA of prokaryotic gemones is found in what two structures |
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Definition
|
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Term
| prokaryotes package the main portion of their DNA is |
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Definition
|
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Term
| a typical bacterial chromosome consists of a |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what region of the bacteria does the genetic material reside |
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Definition
|
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Term
| some bacterial species have two different chromosomes and at least one of these |
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Definition
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Term
| in addition to chromosomes many bacterial cells contain one or more |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small molecules of DNA that replicate independently of the chromosome |
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Term
| plasmids are also sometimes called |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the four kinds of factors |
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Definition
| Fertility factore, resistance factor, bacteriocin factor and virulence plasmids |
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Term
| F factors carry instructions for |
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Definition
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Term
| R factors carry instructions for |
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Definition
| resistance to antimicrobial drugs or heavy metals |
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Term
| Bacteriocin factors carry instructions for |
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Definition
| proteineous toxins called bacteriocin |
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Term
| what does bacteriocins do |
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Definition
| kill bacteria cells of the same or similar species that lack the factor |
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Term
| virulence factors carry instructions for |
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Definition
| structures, enzymes, or toxins that enable bacterium to become pathogenic |
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Term
| eukaryotic cells have at least how many chromosomes in their nucleus |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are two things that are true about eukaryotic chromosomes that are not true for prokaryotic ones |
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Definition
| they are contain within the nucleus and they are linear |
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Term
| chromosomes in Eukaryotes are composed of DNA and globular proteins called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the beads that form as a result are called |
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Definition
|
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Term
| nucleosomes clump with other proteins to form |
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Definition
|
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Term
| where else do eukaryotic cells have DNA |
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Definition
| in mitochondria or chloroplasts (circular) |
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Term
| what kind of reaction is DNA replication |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of DNA replication |
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Definition
| it allows a cell to pass copies of its genome to its descendants |
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Term
| where do the monomers and the energy come from for DNA replication |
|
Definition
| triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides |
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Term
| For bacteria and eukarya: # of chromosomes |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| yes, only in fungi and protozoa |
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Term
|
Definition
| circular dsDNA, linera dsDNA |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| what does semiconservative mean in relation to DNA replication |
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Definition
| new strand will be made up of one new and one old one |
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Term
| where does replication begin |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what enzyme unzips the DNA |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the purpose of stabilizing proteins |
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Definition
| keep the DNA molecule from zipping back up |
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Term
| which enzyme is actually resposible for attaching bases to the strand |
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Definition
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Term
| which direction does the polymerase move |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the one synthesized continuously |
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Term
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Definition
| strand synthesized in short segments |
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Term
| what is needed to begin trascription |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what enzyme is responsible for producing the RNA primer |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the secondary function of DNA polymerase III (besides linking the nucleotides with their complements) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what enzyme replaces the RNA primer with DNA |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the fragments called on the lagging strand |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what enzyme is needed to link the okazaki fragments together |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what enzyme is bacteria keeps the strands from getting wound up? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the addition of a methyl group (CH3) to the daughter strand |
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Term
| what four roles does methylation play |
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Definition
| control of gene expression, initiation of DNA replication, protection against viral infection, and repair of DNA |
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Term
| how many origins do eukaryotic chromosomes usually have |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated to make |
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Definition
| proteins (polypeptide chains) |
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Term
| what are the four main types of RNA |
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Definition
| RNA primer, mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| carries genetic information from the chromosomes to the ribosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| combine with ribosomal polypeptides to form ribosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| deliver amino acids to the ribosomes |
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Term
| RNA polymerases are enzymes that |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do RNA polymerases bind to |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what must be bound to the promoter in order for the RNA polymerase to recognize it |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| once the RNA polymerase is bound to the promoter, what does it do |
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Definition
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Term
| what binds to the completmentary nucleotides while forming the RNA molecule |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what direction does RNA polymerase go in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| does RNA polymerase need a primer |
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Definition
|
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Term
| which is fater, RNA or DNA polymerase |
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Definition
|
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Term
| which is more efficient at proofreading (DNA OR RNA) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two different ways trascription ends |
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Definition
| self-termination or RHO dependant termination |
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Term
| where does transcription occur in eukaryotes? prokaryotes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is needed during RNA processing in eukaryotes that isn't needed on bacteria |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the non coding sequence of nucleotides |
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Term
|
Definition
| the coding portions that eventually get spliced together |
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Term
| scientist define the genetic code as triplets of mRNA nucleotides called |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does AUG also code for |
|
Definition
| methionine in eukaryotes, and N-formylmethionine (fMet) in bacteria |
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Term
| an anticodon is found on a |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| prokaryotic ribosome size |
|
Definition
| 70s (50s and 30s subunits) |
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Term
| ribosomes for mitochondria and chloroplast (size) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 80s (60s and 40s subunits) |
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Term
|
Definition
| accomadates the tRNA delivering the amino acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| holds the tRNA and the growing polypeptide |
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Term
|
Definition
| tRNA exits from this site |
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Term
| what forms the initiation complex |
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Definition
| mRNA, two ribosomal units, several protein factors, and the tRNA |
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Term
| what forms the initiation complex |
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Definition
| mRNA, two ribosomal units, several protein factors, and the tRNA |
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|
Term
| what provides the energy for the forming of the initiation complex |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a group of ribosomes producing polypeptides is called a |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what terminates the elogation phase |
|
Definition
| proteins called release factors |
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|
Term
| how do the release factors work |
|
Definition
| release factors recognize the stop codon, modify the large ribosomal unit, which activates a ribozyme, which severs the polypeptide |
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Term
| what percentage of genes is expressed at all times |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| promoter and a series of genes |
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Term
| some operons are controlled by an adjacent regulatory element called an |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the repressor protein bind to to stop transcription |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| induced means something is |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| not usually transcribed and must be activated by inducers |
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Term
|
Definition
| are transcribed continually until deactivated by repressors |
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Term
| what kind of operon is the lac operon |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the cell first convert the lactose to |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the inducer, changes the structure of the repressor so it is inactivated |
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Term
| inactivating the repressor allows for |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of operon is trypophan operon |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the repressor proteins in the try operon are usually |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| whenever tryptophan is not present the trp operon is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when tryptophan is present it activates |
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Definition
| the repressor, halting the production of tryptophan |
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Term
|
Definition
| a change in the nucleotide sequence of a genome |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common type of mutation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only one nucleotide base is affected |
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|
Term
| what are the two type of substitution |
|
Definition
| transition (purine for a purine or pyramadine for a pyrammadine), and transversion (purine for pyramadine or vis versa) |
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Term
| insertions and deletions are also called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substitution does not change the amino acid sequence because of the redundancy of the genetic code |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a change in the nucleotide sequence resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino acid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a change in the nucleotide sequence that changes a amino acid sequence into a stop codon |
|
|
Term
| how often do mutations occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does ionizing radiation cause mutations |
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Definition
| they energize electrons in atoms, causing some to escape, which then strike other atoms, causing those atoms to become highly reactive, leading to mutations |
|
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Term
| what kind of non-ionizing radiation causes mutations |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how does uv cause mutations |
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Definition
| causes adjacent pyrimidine bases to covalently bond to one another, forming pyrimidine dimers |
|
|
Term
| what are three chemical mutagens |
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Definition
| nucleotide analogs, nucleotide-altering chemicals, frameshift mutagens |
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Term
| what kind of mutations do nucleotide analogs cause |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two ways you can repair pyrimidine dimers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme photolase (which is activated by visible light) breaks the covalent bonds |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cut the damaged section of DNA from the molecule. the gap is sealed by DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase |
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Term
|
Definition
| exicises erroneous bases, the DNA polymerase I repairs the gap |
|
|
Term
| when would Base-excision repair be needed |
|
Definition
| when DNA polymerase III incorporates an incorrect nucleotide during DNA replication |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| enzymes scan the new DNA strand looking for mismatch pairs, excises and replaces them |
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Term
|
Definition
| used when damage is too severe, DNA polymerases IV and V used |
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|
Term
| if a cell does not successfully repair a mutagen, it and its descendants are called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cells normally found in nature |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| positive selection involves eliminating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what else can be determined via positive selection |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism with difference nutritional requirements than those of its wild type phenotypes |
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Term
|
Definition
| all colonies cultured on one plate, grown, then transfered to a drum, which transferes them to two different plates. |
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Term
|
Definition
| mutations that result in cancer |
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|
Term
| the Ames test is a method of screening for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what bacteria is used for the Ames test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| briefly describe how the Ames test works |
|
Definition
| salmanella cells are mixed with liver cells and a suspected mutagen. They are then placed on a plate lacking histidine (a substance needed for salmanella to survive) If any cells survive, then the suspected mutagen is an actual mutagen |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the exchange of nucleotide sequences between two DNA molecules between homologous sequences |
|
|
Term
| describe how genetic recombination happens |
|
Definition
| an enzyme nicks one DNA strand at a homologous sequence and another enzyme inserts this segment into another strand. Ligase then connects the strands |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA molecules that contain new arrangements of nucleotide sequences |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a process in which portions of homologous chromosomes are recombined during a formation of gametes |
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Term
|
Definition
| replicating genomes and supplying copies to their descendance |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| aquiring genes from other bacteria (from a donor cells to a recipient cell) |
|
|
Term
| what was the outcome of griffins experiment |
|
Definition
| when adding a dead pathogenic strain to an organism along with a harmless strain, the harmless strain may be able to pick up DNA from the pathogenic one and become pathogenic itself |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus |
|
|
Term
| a virus that infects bacteria is called a |
|
Definition
| bacteriophage (or just phage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phages that get some of the bacteria DNA mixed in with their own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phage degrades host DNA, directs host to make more phages, cell lyses releasing phages |
|
|
Term
| describe the lysogenic cycle |
|
Definition
| virus inserts DNA into host cell, its DNA is combined with the host DNA via recombination |
|
|
Term
| lytic and lysogenic cycles are part of what type of gene transfer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is one of the main differences between conjugation and transduction |
|
Definition
| the donor cell remains alive |
|
|
Term
| conjugation is mediated by |
|
Definition
| conjugation pili (or sex pili) |
|
|
Term
| gene coding for the conjugation pili is located on the |
|
Definition
| F Factor (fertility plasmid) |
|
|
Term
| if you have a F factor you are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is transfered to the recipient cell |
|
Definition
| one strand of the F factor |
|
|
Term
| then both cells make a copy of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Now both cells are considered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high frequency recombination |
|
Definition
| the F plasmid integrates at a specific DNA sequence |
|
|
Term
| what happens during high frequency recombination |
|
Definition
| the F factor is connected to the DNA, so when the F factor goes across the pili, some or all of the DNA goes with it |
|
|
Term
| is the recipent cell now F+ |
|
Definition
| no, because it only gets a portion of the F factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segments of DNA that move themselves from one location in the DNA ro another location in the same or different molecules |
|
|
Term
| what do all transposon contain at their ends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insertion sequences code for |
|
Definition
| two inverted repeats and a gene that codes for transposase |
|
|
Term
| trasposase recognizes (blank) on a target site and cuts the DNA at that site |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complex transposons contain |
|
Definition
| one or more genes not connected with transposons |
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|
