Innate (natural or native Immunity)

&

Acquired (adaptive or specific Immunity)

2 nonspecific, nonadavptive lines of defense are involved in innate immunity. nonspecific meaining it doesn't distiguish between invaders (bacteria, virus)... Nonadaptive, meaning it doesn't remember the enchouter with invaders, thus reacting the same way against all invaders.....

the fist is the skin and mucosal barriers...

the second is a nonspecific inflammatory response...

Natural contact and infection with the antigen.... this is enviromental exposure

this type is normally permanent

Inoculation of antigen... this type is a vaccination of a certain specific pathogen.

this type of immunity is normally permanent

natural contact with antibody transplacent (MOTHER TO FETUS)... or through colostrum and breast milk

this type is nomrally Temporary

inoculation of antibody or antitoxin,.... immune serum globulin

this type is temporary

the cell markers presend on the surface of all body cells ... a cells FINGERPRINT..

Originally found on human leukocytic antigens (HLA's)...

The 6 specific HLA's are

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C.... class 1

these are on nucleated cells and plateles

HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR... class 2

these are on alot of other cells

all of the immune defenses that lack immunologic memory.

these types remain unchanged no matter how often the antigen is encountered...

Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages...

NK cells...

these recognize similar characteristics not specific characteristics

cells that redily eat (ingest) microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi and kill them as a means of protecting the body against infection.

neutrophils, and monocytes

can phagocyte things...

is important in inflamation

also signals T cells what to destrop via interleukin -1

part of innate immunity

multiply in both allergic disorders and parasitic infestations.

when cells are too large for neutrophils and monocytes to kill, esinophils get with in proximity and release the conents of the granules to kill the cell...

act like mast cells in alergic disorders

histamin function for increase blood flow to the site of infection...

part of the innate immunity system

the complement system and interferons act as soluble inflammatory mediators...

there are 20 serum proteins in the complement system

large granular lymphocytes that are neither T nor B lymphocytes

kill viruses, other intracellular microbe-infected cells, and tumor cells

Humoral (immunoglobulin-related immunity)

Cell-mediated Immunity (T-cell immunity)

huge role in cell-mediated immunity

can recognize organisms hidden within cells, search and destroy them on a cell to cell basis

named because they mature in the thymus

depends on the type of antigen presented.

if it enters the body, past 1st L.O.D.

1. a B lymphocyte recognizes it as a bacteria and produces antibodies that bind to it and neutralize it (humoral response)

2. a T lymphocytes regocnizes it as a bacteria and productes cytokines to help the macrophage lyse and phagocytose the bacteria (cell mediated)

3. in the case of a virus, a cytotoxic T lymphocytes can recognize the cell and destroy it (cell mediated)

4. the complement system can recognize the invading organism and destroy it (innate immunity)

1. antibodies (acquired immunity) binding to bacteria, coating it, and making it available for phagocytosis by the phagocytes of the innate immune system

2. bacteria being recognized by the B lymphocyte (aquired immunity) and coated with the anitbody produced by the lymphocyte, with complement (innate immunity) recognizing it and destroying it

3. activation of cytotoxin T lymphocytes (aquired immunity) and NK cells (innate immunity), resulting in a direct attack on cells that have been transformed by a virus or a malignant process

4. the foreign invader being recognized by a T lymphocyte (from the acquired immune system), which then produced hormones (lymphokines0 that help the macrophage (from the innate immune system) to destroy it.

skin thins, making you more prone to break downs of the skin, and more prone to infections.

cells involving Innate immunity lose alot of funtions... exept mast cells (they seem to not change)

blood thicks with more platlets - increasing clot issues

more soluble mediators

NK cytotoxicity is impaired

decline in humoral and cell-mediated immunity

decline in antibody production by B cells

less naive T and B cells...

even dormant infections can come back...

Factors affecting immunity

Besides AGE

nutrition

enviromental pollution

exposure to chemicals

trauma or illnesses

medications

spenectomy

influences of teh enteric, endocrine, and neurochemical systems

stress

psychosocial-spiritual well being

socioeconomic status

it affects the GI tract...

can affect T and B ecll function

zinc for 70 different enzymes

study of the interaction between the immune system, endocrine system, and the CNS

2 pathways link them...

the autonomic nervouse system and neuroendocrine outflow to the pituitary...

depending on the intensity, activity, or exercise can enhance or supress the immune function

inhanced during moderate exercise

extreame and long-duration strenuous exercise appears to lead to deletrerious oxidation of cellular macromolecures, which can lead to mutations of genes leading to cancer and other diseases..

triggers increase number of neutrophils, with increased funciton of them and macrophages...

greater gains if an eccentric workout

exercise caused NK enchancement, thought to be brought on by epinepherine levels..

although intense exercise of long duration decreases concentration of NK cells for 2-4 post exercise...

exercise at 80% vo2 MAx can suppress immune function and damage enough tissue to evoke the acute phase response in human beings... this response releases TNF, interferons, interleukins, and other cytokines...

regular exercise does protect agains diseases associated with chronis low grade system inflamation...

in general exercise or training before infection has either no effect or decreases morbidity and mortality reats...

however if exercise is done during the incubation phase there is ether no effect or to increase the severity of infection...

if centralized in the head, you may be able to exercise

if below the neck, fever, muscle aches, diarrhea... then exercise shouldn't be done...

reflects a defect involving a T, B CELL, or lymphoid tissues

these conditions are rarly seen by a therapist and thus are not discussed in this text...

these result from an underlying disease or factor that depresses or blocks the immune response...

examples are leukemia, hodgkins

these can also be caused by malnutrition, alcoholism, aging, autoimmune diseases, diabetes meelitus, cancer, chronic disease, steroid therapy, cancer chemotherapy, and radiation

immunodeficiency induced by immunosupressive drugs, radiation therapy, or splenectomy

these type of drugs fall into many categories

cytotoxic

corticosteroids

cyclosporine

antilymphocyte serum

antithymocyte globulin

kill immunocompetent cells while they are replicating... these drugs are not selective and thus kill all cells that are rapidly dividing...

lymphocytes and phagocytes are eliminated

used to treat immune-mediated disorders becuase of their potent antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive effects...

stabolize membrane, blocking tissue infiltration by neutrophils and monocytes, thus NO INFLAMATION...

selectively suppresses the proliferation and development of helper T cells, resultin in depressed cell mediated immunity...

used to prevent graft vs host... in transplanting organs

used to treat hodgkins lymphoma...

the irradiation of all major lymph node areas...

caused by a virus

1981 was the first case in humans

AIDS is characterized by progressive destruction of cell mediated (T-cell) immunity and changes in humoral immunity

leaves the patien immunodeficient

1. asymptomatic--- CD4 count of 500+

2. early symptomatic HIV--- CD4 count of 200-500

3. HIV advanced diseases (AIDS)--- CD4 count of 200 or less

South Africa

40,000

via blood, semen

unprotected anal and oral sex, injecting drugs

Gay men, black women age 15-24

infects T4 (helper) lymphocytes (also known as the CD4 cell), the major regulatiors of the immune response, and destroys or inactivates them

the virus is a retrovirus that contains RNA

people are living much longer. roughly 10 years, because we are ble to treat the infections and diseases that HIV/ AIDS infected individuals contract...

leading cause of death is Kidney and liver failure

CFS is not a single disease, but a combination of factors

a broader category defined as unexplained fatigue of greater than or equal to 6 months duration.

higher in women.. 75%

mean age onset is between 29 and 35

duration lasts 3 to 9 years

or children during teen years

sore throat, fever, muscle pain, muscle weakness.

leading to muscle pain and forgetfulness increase  along with prolonged, often overwhilming fatique that is exacerbated by minimal physical activity

limits daily function

no physical signs or diagnostic laboratory test help identify CFS...

treatment aimed at symtoms, since we don't know what causes it...

it affects everyone differently, sometimes keep people home bound, full recovery is rare (5-10%)

an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response...

4 types

this type of immediate hpersensitivity response IgE, instead of IgG...

this type is Immediate

normally inhaled, eaten, injected

if it goes systemic (anaphylaxis), thus life threatening and needs inection of epinepherine...

Immune complx Disease

antigen-antibody complexes depositing and causing reactions...

Cell mediated immunity

this type is delayed

immune mechanisms directed against self-antigens.... the body fails to distinguish self from non self

56 autoimmune diseases

 often can't be determined... can be genetic, hormonal, enviromental

causes normall cell mediated and humoral immune responses to thurn self destructive... more than one part of the immune system must be involved for autoimmune disease to develop.

form antibodies against yourself

varies, must maintain a delicate balance between adequate suppresion of the autoimmune reaction to avoid continued damage to the body tissues, and maintain of suffiecient functioning of the immune mechanism to protect the person against foreign invaders

corticosteriods

an effective vaccine is under close scrutiny, as is the use of intense immunosuppression followed by stem cell transplatation for the treatmen of autoimmune diseases..

can be systemic or discoid

systemic hits organs, discoid hits the face

Common in young women, rarly in old people

african american

genetic and enviromental factors play a huge role...

Unknown...

hereditary, but different genes for different people

Clinical Manifestations of SLE...

everyone is different

affects musculoskeletal (athritis)...

Cutaneous and Membranous Lesions (rash occurs most commonly with sunlight)...

Cardiopulmonary System (pleuritis, pericarditis)

CNS (headaches, irritability, and depression

Renal System (renal failure can occur)

other... anemia

Prevention of SLE...

Diagnosis

no known way to prevent it...

mimics other things, hard to determin

medical intervention are to reverse the autoimmune and inflammatory processes and prevent exacerbations and complications... at the present time, pharmacologic interventions are the primary meand of accomplishing these goals...

anticoagulants, corticosteroid-sparing agents, NSAIDs

with early detection and intervention the prevention of organ damage and improved life expectancy occurs...   increased prevalence of valvular and artherosclerothic heart disease, increased risk for certain cancers (lymphoma)...

less promissing if you develope cardiovacular, renal, or neurologic complications or severe bacterial infections..

a chronic muscle pain sydrome not a disease

11/18 tender spots

a systemic problem

some say linked with CFS

affects over 6 million americans, 90 percant are femal

risk facter include anxiety, emotional stress, trama

cause by multifactoral (most likely), thus unknow, but think a biochemical, metabolic, or immunological pathway

affects PNS and CNS

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

Autonomic Nervous system

The reproductive Hormone axis

glia proliferate and amplify the pain

decreases circulation of blood during exercise

no difinitive test for Fibromyalgia... pain for 3 months and 11 out of 18 points

lifestyle changes help with this... also some medicine, not a cure tho

organ and tissue transplantation

body destroys transplant

ABO and Rh are important antigents present on RBCs and histocompatibility atigens