1. '3' advantages Networks offer for a Business
   
   
2. Define: Local Area Connection (LAN)
   
   
3. Define: Wide Area Network (WAN)
   
   
4. Define: Metropolititan Area Network (MAN) 

1. 1) Sharing Resources 
   2) Providing Opportunities 
   3) Reducing Travel 
   
   
2. connects a group of computers in close proximity 
• ex: office Building, school, or home
• - files, printers, games, etc... - 
• connects to other LAN's and wide area networks  
  
  
3. Spans a large geographic area
• ex: State, Province, Country, best ex: internet
• essential for carrying out day-to-day activities of companies and gov't organizations, allowing them to transmit and recieve info among:
• emloyees
• customers
• suppliers
• business partners
• other organizations across areas.  
• Often connect with smaller networks
• such as: Local Area Networks or Metropolitan Networks
   
4. A large computer network usually spanning a City 
• ex: colleges, universities, and large companies that span a campus

***Two most important Dimensions that LAN'S, WAN'S, AND MANs differ relate to:  - Cost and Performace

1. Define: Virtual Private Network (VPN)

• Is VPN affiliated with intranets or extranets?

1. Companies can establish direct private netwrok links among themselves OR create private, secure internet access
• In effect: a "private tunnel" within the Internet 
• Extranets 

1. Define: Voice over IP (VoIP)
   
   
2. What are the '2' ways to use VoIP for telephone calls?

1. uses TCP/IP technology to transmit voice calls over long-distances telephone lines
• allows users to call anyone with a telephone number - whether local, long distance, cellular, or international
• Relies on Internet Connection
• Interesting Features: 
• ability to have >1 phone number
• integrating email and voicemail
• recieve personal or business call via computer
• Low cost - best feature
•  ex: Skype - uses Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P)
   
2. 1) through web interface 
        - allows users to make calls from their computer 
   
   2)   through phone attached to VoIP adapter that links directly to Internet through broadband modem. 

1. Define: Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network
   
   
2. Define: Internet Protocol TV (IPTV)  

1. computer network that relies on:
•  computing power AND 
• bandwitdth of the participants in the network 
• **rather than a Centralized Server
   
2. distributes digital video content using IP across the Internet and private IP networks. 
• user selects channel and service provider sends only that single program to the television
• uses a box that acts like a modem to send and recieve content
• Features:
• Support of multiple devices
• PC's/TV's can acces IPTV Services
• Interactivity with users
• supported by IPTV's two-way communication path
• Low Bandwidth
• Conserves b/c provider sends only a single channel
• Personalization
• choose what to what to watch AND when to watch

1. Define: Network Convergence
   
   
2. Network Convergence: Multiple Services (4)
   
   
3. Network Convergence:  One Provider (3)

1. The efficient coexistence of telephone, video, and data communication within a single network
• offering convenience AND flexivility not possible with separate infrastructures
• Through Mulitple Servers AND One Provider
  
  
2. - Internet Access  
   - VoIP
   - IPTV
   - VoD 
   
   
3. - one bill
   - One Point of Contact
   - One cust. support center 

1. Intranet 
• restricted network that relies on internet tech. to provide an internet-like envirnment witin the company for:
• information sharing
• communications
• collaboration
• web publishing
• support of business processes
• Protected by security measures such as: passwords, encryption, and firewalls
• Provide centeral location for all kinds of company-related info, such as:
• benefits
• schedules
• strategic directions 
• employee directories
   
2. Extranet
• Extension of an intranet that is avilable only to Authorized outsiders, such as:
• customers
• partners
• suppliers
• share information about:
• order and invoice processing
• cost control
• marketing
• distributoin
• supplier relations
• Creates a Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• Enables other to access selected intranet websites and other company network resourcses that allow the sharing of info. 
• Provide Value in several ways:
• easy and fast to access company resources
• builds and stregnthens strategic relationships with cust + suppliers
• can allow AND improve collaborations with cust/bus.partners/etc.
   
3. Virtual Private Network  
• Private, secure network access

1. Define: Packet-Switching
   
   
2. Define: Router

1. occurs when sending the "sending" computer divides a message into anumber of efficeintly sized units of data called PACKETS, each of which contains the address of the Destination Computer
• Packet is then Sent into the Network AND Intercepted by Routers
   
2. an intelligent connecting device that examines each PACKET of data  it recieves AND then decides which way to Send it Onward toward its Destination

Speed and Bandwidth

1. Define: Bandwidth
    
• Speeds (3)
   
2. Define: Bit
    
3. Define: Bit Rate/Data Rate

1. the maximum amount of data that can pass from ONE point to ANTHER in a Unit of Time - similar to water traveling through a hose 
• - Kilobits: 
• Kbps -
• 1Kbps = 1,000 bps (bits per second)
• Traditional Modem = 56Kbps
• - Megabits: 
• Mbps - 
• 1 Mbps = 1,000Kbps -
• Ethernet = 10 Mbps
• - Gigabits: 
• Gbps - 
• 1 Gbps = 1,000 Mbps - 
• Gigabit Ethernet = 1,000 Mbps 
   
2. the smallest element of data AND  has a value of either 0 or 1
• short for Binary Digit
   
3. Number of bits transferred OR recieved per Unit of Time
• This is How bandwidth is measured

1. Define: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
   
   
2. Define: Protocol 
   
   
3. Define: TCP
   
   
4. Define: IP 

1. Provides the technical foundation for public internet as well as for Large Numbers of Private Networks
• used by VoIP to transmit voice calls over internet
• allows diverse OR differing networks to connect and communicate with each other 
• verifies the correct delivery of data
• ensures data is same size throughout transition of networks
• retransmit data until delivered correctly
• maximizes data transfer and automatically adjusts to slower devices and other delays encountered on network
• >100 protocols make up TCP/IP suite 
   
2. A standard that specifies the format of data as well as the rules to be followed during transmission 
   
   
3. provides transport functions, ensuring amoung other things, that the amount of data recieved is the same throughout transmission
    
4. provides the addressing and routing mechanism that acts as the post master 

1. TCP/IP '4'-Layer Reference Model

1. - Application layer - Window for users and application processes to acces network services
        - FTP, SMTP, Telnet, HTTP, SNTP
   
   - Transport Layer - handes end-to-end packet transportation
        - TCP
   
   - Internet Layer - formats the data into packets, adds a header containing the packet sequence and the address of the recieving device, and specifies the services required from network
        - IP
   
   - Network Interface Layer -  places data packets on the network for transmission
        - Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI 

1. Personal Area Networks (PANs)
• provide communication over a short distance that is intended for use with devices  that are owned and operated by a single user
• ex: bluetooth
   
2. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
• local area network that uses radio signals to transmit and recieve data over distances of a few hundred feet
• infrastructure which a wireless divice(laptop) communicates through an access point OR base station by means of:
• "wireless fidelity": (Wi-Fi)
•  portable devices can connect wielessly to a local area network , using access points taht send and recieve data via radio waves
• open areas: 1000ft
• closed areas: 250-400ft
• Hotspots: areas arround the access point where useers can connect to the internet
3. Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs)
• Metorpolitan area network that uses radio signals to transmit and recieve data 
• potentail success with: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX): 
• communications tech. aimed at providing high-speed wireless data over metorpolitan area networks 
• operates like wi-fi, only over greater distances and with higher bandwidths
   
4. Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs)
• wide area network that uses radio signals to transmit and recieve data
• Divided into Two Categories: 
• Cellular Commuication Systems 
• device for voice and data, communicating wirelessly through a collection of stationary ground based sites called, BASE STATIONS (called "cells" and cover a 10mi radius), each linked to its nearestneighbor stations
• Satellite Communication Systems
• space station that orbits the Earth receiving and transmitting signals from Earth-based stations over a wide area
• Overtaken by cellular systems
• ex: handheld units to mobile base stations to fixed satilite recievers
• Peak transmission data speed: 2.4Kbps - 2Mbps
• move in stationary orbits approx. 22,000 miles above Earth

What are the '4' Business Applications of Wireless Networks?

1. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) - uses electronic tags and labels identify objects wirelessly over short distances
• exchanges informatoin between a tagged object and a reader/writer 
• RFID System - 1+ tags, 1+readers, 1+ antennas
• Examples of innovative uses:
• chips under skin of animals to track
• Track and monitor inventory 
• antitheft systems in cars
• track patients/nurses/doc's locations
• automatic payments
   
2. Global Positioning System (GPS) - satellite-based navigation system providing extremely accurate position, time, and speed information
• uses 24 satellites taht orbit the Earth
• can communicate with 3-4 recievers at a time
• accurate sults within 5-50 ft of actual location
   
3. Geographic Information System (GIS) - consists of hardware, software, and data that provide location information for display on a multidemensional map
• includes:
• building locations
• street layouts
• population densities
• common uses: 
• Finding what is nearby
• routing information
• sending information alerts
• mapping densities (population,etc)
• mapping quantitise (nearest feature)
   
4. Location-based Services (LBS) - applications that use location information to provide a service 
• designed to give mobile users instant access to personalized local content 
• applications:
• emergency services, find-it maps, field service mgmt, mapping, navigation, tracking assets, traffic info, vehicle location, weather info, wireless advertising

1. Define: Integrations
    
2. Define: Enterprise systems
    
3. Define: Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)
    
4. Define: Middleware
    
5. Define: Enterprise application integration (EAI) Middleware

1. allow separate systems to communicated iderectl with each other, eliminating the need for manual entry into multiple systems  
• allows sharing across multiple databases with increasing quality
   
2. provide enterprisewide support and data access for a firms operatinos and business processes
• can manage customer info across enterprise 
   
3. connects the plans, methods, and tools aimed at integrating separate enterprise systms 
    
4. several different types of software that sit between and provide connectivity for 2+ software applications 
• translates info between disparate systems - how integrations are achieved 
   
5. packaging commonly used applications together, reducing the time needed to integrate applications from multiple vendors