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| An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens. |
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| measure of the clarity of the image |
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| microscope that focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen |
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| Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) |
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| used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells |
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| Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) |
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| used to study the surface of the specimen |
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| powerful machine used to fractionate cells by spinning as fast as 80,000 revolutions per minute |
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| A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea |
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| Region between the nucleus and the membrane bounding the cell |
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| boundary of cell; functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes |
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| Contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cell |
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| Netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus; lines nuclear side of the envelope |
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| Organized DNA and proteins |
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| A thread-like gene carrying structure found in the nucleus |
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| within nucleus; where components of ribosomes are synthesized and assembled |
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| sites where the cell makes proteins |
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| the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell; related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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| network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae |
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| Region of ER whose cytoplasmic surface lacks ribosomes |
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| Region of ER whose cytoplasmic surface has ribosomes |
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| proteins that are covalently bonded to carbohydrates |
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| vesicles that transport proteins from one part of the cell to the other |
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| products of ER are modified, stored, and then sent to other destinations |
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| membrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that a cell uses to digest macromolecules |
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| process of engulfing smaller organisms or food particles |
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| vacuole containing food for lysosomes |
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| pump excess water out of the cell |
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| large water-filled vacuole within mature plant |
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| membrane enclosing central vacuole; part of endomembrane system |
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| sites of cellular respiration |
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| found only in plants and eukaryotic algae; sites of photosynthesis |
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| infoldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria |
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| second compartment enclosed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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| one of a family of closely related plant organelles; including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts |
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| flattened sacs in chloroplasts |
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| fluid outside the thylakoid |
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| specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane |
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| network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm |
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| A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton |
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| a solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction |
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| a component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments |
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| region located near the nucleus |
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| a structure in an animal cell, composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern; an animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles which are involved in cell division |
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| long locomotive appendage that protrude from some cells |
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| short locomotive appendage that protrude from some cells |
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| a eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9+0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole |
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| a large contractile protein forming the sidearms of microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella |
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| protein which make up thicker filaments that interdigitate actin filaments |
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| movement by extending and flowing into cellular extensions |
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| circular flow of cytoplasm within cells |
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| protective layer, external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists |
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| thin and flexible wall secreted by a young plant |
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| thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins |
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| wall between plasma membrane and the primary wall |
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| extracellular matrix (ECM) |
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| substance in which animal tissure cells are embedded; consists of proteins and polysaccharides |
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| most abundant glycoprotein, which forms strong fibers outside the cells |
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| glycoprotein network that collagen fibers are embedded into |
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| glycoprotein that binds to integrins |
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| channels that perforate the plant cell walls |
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| a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents leakage of material between cells |
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| a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as an anchor |
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| a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells |
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