Term
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Definition
| destruction/removal of all forms of microbial life; includes endospores but not prions; often by steam or ethylene oxide gas |
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Term
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Definition
| sufficient heat to kill endospores of Clostridium botulinum *for canned goods* |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of vegetative pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of microbes from a limited area; mostly mechanical ex. alcohol wipe |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment intended to lower microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public health levels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| treatments that only inhibit growth of microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates bacterial contamination |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of significant contamination |
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Term
| Microbial death curve is ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| influence on antimicrobial treatments |
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Definition
number of microbes
environment
time of exposure
microbial characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| either effect membrane permeability or damage proteins/nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thermal death point is the lowest temperature at which all the microorganisms will be killed in 10 mins |
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Term
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Definition
| thermal death time is the minimal length of time for all bacteria to be killed at a given temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| decimal reduction time is the time in which 90% of the population at a given temperature will be killed |
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Term
| Boiling or flowing steam (Moist Heat) |
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Definition
| denatures proteins; less effective on endospores; good for equipment/dishes |
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Term
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Definition
| denatures proteins; very effective 15 psi and 121 C; kills all vegetative cells and endospores in about 15 minutes; microbiological equipment |
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Term
| pasteurization (Moist Heat) |
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Definition
| denatures proteins; heat treatment for milk/wine/cream/etc (72 C for 15 mins) kills all pathogens and most non-pathogens |
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Term
| direct flaming (dry heat) |
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Definition
| microbes burnt to ash, used for inoculating loops; very effective but can damage equipment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| hot-air sterilization (dry heat) |
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Definition
| requires high temperature for long period of time; good for glassware/equipment |
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Term
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Definition
| HEPA (high efficiency particulate air filters) or membrane filters; useful for sterilizing liquids |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases chemical reactions and can change proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteriostatic effect; for preserving food |
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Term
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Definition
| quick-freeze, used to preserve cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| quick-freeze and desiccation, used to preserve cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| alters protein and carbohydrate structure; good for fruit juices because preserves color, taste, and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| disrupts metabolism/removes water from microbes; bacteriostatic; used in food preservation (meats) |
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Term
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Definition
| removes water from microbes |
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Term
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Definition
ionizing: destroys DNA, sterilizes drugs and medical/dental supplies
non-ionizing: damages DNA, not penetration beyond surface areas (uses UV light) |
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Term
| Evaluating a disinfectant |
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Definition
dilution test
disk-diffusion method |
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Term
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Definition
| metal/glass dipped in standardized microbial solution, dried for short time, dipped in chemical disinfectant, dried, incubated, and amount of microbe growth remaining in a measure of chemicals effectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| disk of filter paper soaked with chemical placed on inoculated plate, plate inoculated, growth measured around the filter paper |
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Term
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Definition
| disrupts plasma membrane/denatures enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| disrupts plasma membrane; skin disinfectant especially for surgical scrubs |
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Term
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Definition
iodine: strong oxidizing agent/inhibits protein function, antiseptic
chlorine: strong oxidizing agent, disinfectant |
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Term
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Definition
| protein denaturation and lipid dissolution; harms us too; bactericidal and fungicidal not effective for endospores |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mechanically removes microbes with scrubbing; for skin |
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Term
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Definition
| in dairy and food industries; nontoxic and noncorrosive |
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Term
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Definition
| quaternary ammonium compounds; protein denaturation/enzyme inhibition/disrupts plasma membrane, antiseptic, bacteriostatic/bacteriocidal, fungicidal, and virucidal |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic inhibition, mostly for molds in food and cosmetics |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits iron-containing enzymes in anaerobies; used in meat products *PREVENTS GROWTH of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM* give food a red color |
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Term
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Definition
| denature proteins, very effective antimicrobials |
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Term
| ethylene oxide/gaseous sterilants |
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Definition
| used to sterilize materials that could be damaged by heat |
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Term
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Definition
| used for tubular medical instruments; hydrogen peroxide is excited in a vacuum |
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Term
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Definition
| used for sterilizing medical implants; carbon dioxide is compressed to a supercritical state |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidation mechanism, good for contaminated surfaces and some deep wounds good against anaerobes |
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Term
| Hierarchy of Microbial Resistance |
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Definition
Most Resistant: Prions
endospores of bacteria
mycobacteria
cysts of protozoa
vegetative protozoa
gram-negative bacteria
fungi, and most fungal spores
viruses without envelopes
gram-positive bacteria
viruses with lipid envelopes |
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