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Chapter 7 Reasoning
Public Speaking Final Exam
21
Other
Undergraduate 1
05/06/2008

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Term

Rhetorical Proof

Definition

Proof established through interaction between the speaker adn the listeners; provides support for a conclusion but not assurance that it is true.

 

*justifies claims, but does not guarentee proof

Term
Reasonable
Definition
a proof that would be inferred by most people when exercising their critical judgment
Term
Claim
Definition
a statement that a speaker asks listeners to accept and that the speaker tries to prove
Term
Examples
Definition

specific instances used to illustrate a more general claim

 

*most common reasoning pattern is inference from example

 

i.e. believing that most politicians cannot be trusted, a citizen infers that meither of the candidates for mayor can be trusted (specific instance, and general claim)

Term
Representative
Definition
Term
Representative
Definition
typical of the larger category from whichh a case is selected
Term
Fallacy
Definition
An inference that appears to be sound but that, on inspection, contains a significant flaw
Term

Fallacy of Composition

 

 

Fallacy of Division

Definition

Assuming that what is true of the part is automatically true of the whole

 

 

 

Assuminng that what is true of the whole is true of the parts

Term

Analogy

 

Literal analogy

 

 

 Figurative analogy

Definition

a comparison of people, places, things, events, etc.

 

 

a direct comparison of objects, people, or events

i.e. "Illinois will not be able to escape the recession, which has already hit Michigan- another Midwestern industrial state" (directly comparing Michagin adn Illinois)

 

 

A comparison of the relationships between objects, people, or events.

 

i.e. "Depending on Social Security for your retirement income is like playign Russian roulette with your future."

Term
Inferences from signs (3)
Definition

1. physical observation

2. statistical indexes

3. institutional regularity

Term
Physical Observation (as a sign)
Definition

Regarding something that can be observed as a sign of someting that cannot.

 

i.e. when you wake up and see the sun shining, you can infer that it is morning time.

(you physically observe the sun, but can not physically observe morning)

Term
Statistical Index (as a sign)
Definition

a statistical measure that is taken as a sign of an abstraction

 

i.e. high scores on exams are a sign of intelligence. (a statistical index that we can see is regarded as a sign of something that we cannot see)

Term
Institutional Regularity (as a sign)
Definition

a sign relationship that results from norm or social convention

 

i.e. because athletic competitions usually begin with the singing of the national anthem, if you turned on the tv and heard the song, you might infer that a game is about to begin.

Term
causal inference
Definition

inference that one thing affects another

 

i.e. gas prices go up, sales go down

Term

Common Cause Fallacy

 

 

Post hoc Fallacy

Definition

Assuming that one thing causes another when in fact a third factor really is the cause of both

 

 

 post hoc "after this"- assuming that because one thing occured after another, that the first thing caused the second thing

Term

Expert Testimony

 

 

Lay Testimony

Definition

testimony from a person who is generally recognized as an authority on a particular subject

 

 

Testimony froma person who is not an expert

*citing opinions of "ordinary people"

Term
Pontificate
Definition
to offer judgments without providing any basis for them
Term
Resonance
Definition

the quality of striking a responsive shord with listeners, causing them to identify with what one is saying

 

*listeners will realize that you are telling the story in order to connect with them, not specifically to intertain them.

Term
Non sequitur
Definition

a claim that "on it's face" is unrelated to the supporting material

 

*latin for "it does not follow"

Term
Equivocal
Definition

Having multiple meanings

 

*allows inferences to be open to interpretation = you don't want that!

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