Term
| Nickerson and Adams (1979) A penny for your memories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three Basic Questions on Memory |
|
Definition
How does information get into memory?
How is information maintained in memory?
How is information pulled back out of memory? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the capacity to encode, store, and retrieve information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mental representation is formed in memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Retention of encoded material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recovery of stored information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Explicit, Implicit, Declarative, Procedural, Iconic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conscious effort to recover information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Availability of information through memory without conscious effort |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Information (e.g. facts and events) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How tasks are carried out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Visual Memory
Edetic Imagery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory Memory => Working Memory (includes short term memory) => Long-term memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote a famous paper called “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information," where he illustrated that the average person can hold between 5 and 9 chunks of information in STM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
STM also has a limited duration…in other words, information can only be kept there for a brief time before it is lost, unless rehearsal occurs.
process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information…keeping it in use. |
|
|
Term
| Peterson and Peterson (1959) |
|
Definition
| conducted a study illustrating how quickly information is lost from STM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information
Maintenance rehearsal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The process of reconfiguring items by grouping them on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principle
A chunk is a meaningful unit of information |
|
|
Term
| Working memory (includes short term memory) |
|
Definition
Reasoning and language comprehension
Maintains your psychological present |
|
|
Term
| Alan Baddeley (1986-1992) |
|
Definition
| proposed a more complex model of STM that characterizes it as “working memory," with 4 components. |
|
|
Term
| The four components of Alan Baddeley's working memory model |
|
Definition
| Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, Cental Executive, Episodic Buffer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represented ALL of STM in the original model. This component is active when one uses recitation to temporarily hold on to information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows temporary holding and manipulation of visual images (mentally rearrange the furniture in your bedroom). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| handles the limited amount of information juggled at one time as people engage in reasoning and decision making…at work when you weigh pros and cons of something. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary, limited capacity store that allows the various components of working memory to integrate information, and that serves as an interface between working and LTM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Storehouse of all experiences, events, information, emotions, skills words, categories, rules, and judgments that have been acquired from sensory and short term memories
Preservation of information for retrieval at any later time |
|
|
Term
| Long Term Memory (Three ways of remembering from it) |
|
Definition
| Retrieval Cues, Recall, Recognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Memories for things you have personally experienced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generic Categorical memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subsequent retrieval of information is enhanced if cues retrieved at the time of recall are consistent with those present at the time of encoding |
|
|
Term
| The Serial Position Effect |
|
Definition
| A characteristic of memory retrieval in which the recall of beginning and end items on a list is often better than recall of items appearing in the middle |
|
|
Term
(The Serial Position Effect)
Primacy effect |
|
Definition
| improved memory for items at the start of a list |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| improved memory for items at the end of a list |
|
|
Term
| Ebbinghaus memory experiment on himself |
|
Definition
| found that after time, there was a rapid initial loss of memory, followed by a gradual declining rate of loss |
|
|
Term
Why we forget
Interference |
|
Definition
| Retrieval cues do not point effectively to one specific memory |
|
|
Term
Why we forget
Proactive interference |
|
Definition
| Information you have acquired in the past makes it more difficult to acquire new information |
|
|
Term
Why we forget
Retroactive interference |
|
Definition
| Acquisition of new information makes it difficult to remember old information |
|
|
Term
| Seven Sins of Memory Daniel L. Schacter |
|
Definition
| Transience, Absent Mindedness, Blocking, Bias, Misattribution, Suggestibility, Persistence |
|
|
Term
Improving Memory for Unstructured Information
Elaborative Rehearsal |
|
Definition
Mouse-Magazine, Mouse-magazine
Mouse-Magazine, Mouse-magazine |
|
|
Term
Improving Memory for Unstructured Information
Mnemonics |
|
Definition
| Association to familiar/previously coded material |
|
|
Term
Improving Memory for Unstructured Information
Metamemory (the tip of the tongue) |
|
Definition
Cue familiarity Hypothesis
Ice Ice ? Hammer, Mix-a-lot, Vanilla Ice
Accessibility Hypothesis
Ice Ice? Bad rappers, Born on Halloween, Late 80’s early 90’s, Relate to other |
|
|
Term
| Memory Structures (surrounding doggie) |
|
Definition
Categorization-doggie
Concepts-doggie
Hierarchies-doggie or ostrich
Basic Levels-doggie is a dog
Schemas-doggie in a jungle |
|
|
Term
Using Memory Structures
Prototype |
|
Definition
| Representation of the average category |
|
|
Term
Using Memory Structures
Exemplars |
|
Definition
| Comparing objects from a category |
|
|
Term
Biological Aspects of Memory
The Engram |
|
Definition
| Cerebullum, Striatum, Cerebral cortex, Amygdala and Hippocampus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Procedural memories, memories acquired by repetition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Habit formation and stimulus response connections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory memories and associations between sensations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Declarative memory of facts, dates and names
Memories of emotional significance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anterograde and Retrograde |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PET scan, fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
|
|
