Term
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Definition
| Antecedents (events preceding behavior)behavior, and consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior |
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| Behavior Modification (applied behavior analysis) |
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Definition
| the application of operant conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response |
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Term
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Definition
| Classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| In CC, the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence |
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Term
| Extinction (Classical Conditioning) |
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Definition
| the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response. in CC it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Extinction (Operant Conditioning) |
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Definition
| the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response. in OC it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforces that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| in CC, a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| during operant learning, the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behavior |
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Term
| Intermittnet (partial) Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforces that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without obvious reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease, in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger and more likely to occur |
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Term
| Observational Learning (Vicarious Conditioning) |
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Definition
| a process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behavior of another rather than through direct experience; sometimes called vicarious conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| an exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity or object |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is electric shock |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need an example is food |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that follows it |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers |
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Term
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Definition
| an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| a cage equipped with a device that delivers food into a dish when an animal makes a desired response |
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Term
| Social-Cognitive Theories |
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Definition
| theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction |
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Term
| Stimulus Discrimination (Classical Conditioning) |
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Definition
| the tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli. in CC it occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response |
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Term
| Stimulus Discrimination (Operant Conditioning) |
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Definition
| the tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli. in OC it occurs when a organism learns to make a response in the presence of other, similar stimuli that differ from it on some dimension |
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Term
| Stimulus Generalization (Classical Conditioning) |
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Definition
| after conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning. in CC it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response |
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Term
| Stimulus Generalization (Operant Conditioning) |
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Definition
| after conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning. in OC it occurs when a response that has been reinforced in the presence of one stimulus occurs in the presence of another, similar stimulus. |
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Term
| Successive Approximations |
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Definition
| in the operant conditioning procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response |
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Term
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Definition
| the CC term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning |
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Term
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Definition
| the CC term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning |
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