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tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during the metabolic process.
a product of cell respiration, CO2, is carried by the blood to the lunds and exhaled. |
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tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone.
The tip of the nose and the outer ear are composed of this |
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any hairlike structure.
In the trachea they move particles upward to the pharynx, where they are removed by coughing, sneezing, or swallowing. This mechanism is called the c. escalator. Habitual smoking destroys c. escalator. |
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| moving or spreading out of a seubstance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces. |
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state in which the regulatory mechanisms of the body maintain a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
the regulatory mechanisms of the body control temperature, acidity, and the concentration of salt, food, and wast products. |
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| moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment; aka mucosa |
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tasteless,odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration.
makes up about 1/5th (by volume) of the atmosphere |
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symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
increasing acidity is expressed as a number less than 7; increasing alkalinity as a number greater than 7; with 7 being neutral |
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| wall dividing two cavities, such as the nasal septum, which separates the two nostrils. |
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| thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa |
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| performed to improve ventilation or drainage in unresponsive sinusitis |
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| treated as a medical emergency |
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| bronchus (plural, bronchi) |
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| collapsed lung (incomplete expansion of the lungs) |
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| forms= silicosis, asbestosis, and anthacosis |
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| cold temps, hear failure, lung diseases, and smothering causes unusual blueness of the skin and mucous membranes due to the build-up of CO2 in the blood |
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| measures how much air the lungs can hold (vital capacity) and how much and how quickly air can be exhaled |
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bad (impaired) voice quality
includes: hoarseness, voice fatigue, or decreased projection |
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excessive acidity of body fluids
Respiratory A. is associated with pulmonary insufficiency and the subsequent retention of CO2 |
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absence of the sense of smell
usually occurs as a temp conditon resulting from an upper resp. infection or a condition that causes intranasal swelling |
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temporary loss of breathing
3 types:
(1) obstructive: enlarged tonsils and adenoids)
(2) central: failure of the brain to transmit impulses for breathing
(3) mixed: combination of obstructive and cental apnea |
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condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
causes: drowning, electric shock, lodging of a foreign body in the respiratory trace, inhalation of toxic smoke, and poisoning |
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| collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affect all or part of a lung |
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| cheyne-Stokes respiration |
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| repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration, first deeply, then shallow, then not at all |
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ease with which lung tissue can be stretched
low compliance means lungs are less elastic; therefore, more effort is required to inflate the lungs. |
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| head cold; upper respiratory infection |
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| abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; aka rale |
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common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages and, sometimes, lungs
signs and symptoms: barking cough w/ suffocative, difficult breathing; laryngeal spasms, and sometimes, the narrowing of the top of the air passages. |
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| displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils |
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severe, life-threatening ifection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children b/w 2 and 12
signs and symptoms: fever, dysphagia, inspiratory stridor, and severe respiratory distress. intubation or tracheostomy may be required to open the obstructed airway |
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| nosebleed; nasal hemorrhage |
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| enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, commonly associated with pulmonary diesase |
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| deficiency of oxygen in the blood |
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| deficiency of oxygen in tissues |
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| acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a "whoop" sound; aka whopping cough |
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| inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; aka pleuritis |
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| disease caused by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust (anthracosis), stone dust (chalicosis), iron dust (siderosis), and asbestos particles (asbestosis) |
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| accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung tissues and alveoli, caused most commonly by heart failure |
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| blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria) |
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abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation
course, rattling noise that resembles snoring, commonly suggesting secretions in the larger airways |
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| high-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway |
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| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
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completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than 12 months of age; aka crib death
has decreased since babies have been instructed to place babies on backs for sleeping |
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whistling or sighing sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway
characteristic of asthma, croup, hay fever, obstructive emphysema, and other obstructive respiratory conditions. |
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intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen.
positive test suggests a past or present exposure to Tb or past TB vaccination. Does not differentiate b/w active and inactive infection |
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| noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen; aka pulse o. |
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| test of sleep cycles and stages using continuous recordings of brain waves (EEGs), electrical activity of muscles, eye movement (electro-oculogram), respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm, and sometimes, direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera |
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| pulmonary function tests (PFTs) |
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| multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane |
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| measurement of ventilatory ability by assessing lung capacity and flow, including the time neccessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air |
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visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope inserted through the nose or mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor
can be used to suction mucus, remove foreign bodies, collect sputum, or perform biobsy |
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| visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities |
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visual examination of the mediastinal structures including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thrymus, and lymph nodes.
through small incision made avove the sternum |
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test that measures partial pressures of oxygen (PO2), carbon dioxide (PCO2), pH (acidity or alkalinity), and bicarbonate level of an arterial blood sample
helps guide treatment of acid-base imbalances |
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| microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonia |
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measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat
used exclusively in children to confirm cystic fibrosis |
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| test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci |
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| process of producing images using an X-ray passed through the body or area and captured on a film |
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images of the chest taken from anteroposterior projection, posteranterior projection, lateral projection, or a combination of these projections\
used to diagnose rig fractures and lung diseases, including atelectasis, masses, pneumonia, and emphysema |
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| imaging procedure that gathers info about a specific organ or structure of the body. In some cases, small amounts of injected radionuclide are used to enhance images |
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Nuclear scanning test primarily used to detect pulmonary emboli
used to detect presence of a blood clot that may be interfering with blood flow in or to the lung |
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lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways. Techniques include nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers, and dry powder inhalers
Nebulizers change liquid medication into droplets to be inhaled through a mouthpiece.
MDIs deliver a specific amount when activated. |
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| irrigating or washing out of an organ, stomach, bladder, bowel, or body cavity with a stream of water or other fluid |
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| irrigation of the antrum (maxillary sinus) in chronic or nonresponsive sinusitus |
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| positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs |
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excision of part of the pleura, usually parietal
ineffective in the treatment of malignancy of the pleura |
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excision of the lung
The removal of a lobe of the lung is called lobectomy |
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| reconstructive surgery of the nose to correct deformities or for cosmetic purposes |
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| surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum usually pefomred when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures |
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| surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; aka pleurocentesis |
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| surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into trachea which a breathing tube may be inserted |
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- block histamine from binding with histamine receptor sites in tissues
-FEXOFENADINE/Allegra
-LORATADINE/ Claritan |
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Definition
- Relieves or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain.
*alleviate nonproductive dry coughs and should not be used with productive coughs.
-HYDROCODONE/Hycodan
-DEXTROMETHORPHAN/Vicks Formula 44 |
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Definition
-stimulates bronchial muscles to relax, thereby expanding air passages, resulting in increased air flow
*used to treat chronic symptoms and prevent acute attacks in respiratory diseases, such as asthma and COPD. Pharmacological agents may be delivered by an inhaler either orally or IV.
-ALBUTEROL/ Proventil, Venolin
-SALMETEROL/ Serevent |
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-Acto on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions.
*available as nasal sprays and oral forms to treat chronic lung conditions such as asthma and COPD
-BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE/ Vanceril, Beclovent
-TRIAMCINOLONE/ Azmacort |
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-Constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways
*prescribed for allergies and colds and are usually combined with anti-histamines in cold remedies. Can be administered orally or topically as nasal sprays and nasal drops
-OXYMETAZOLINE/ Dristan
-PSEUDOEPHEDRINE/ Drixoral, Sudafed |
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-Liquify respiratory secretions so that they are more easily dislodged during coughing episodes
* prescribed for productive cough
-GUAIFENESIN/ Robitussing, Organidin |
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| Mineral salts (sodium, potassium, and calcium) that carry an electrical charge in solution |
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angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
(ACE) |
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-Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)
*used to treat hypertension alone or with other agents and aid in the management of heart failure
-BENAZEPRIL/lotensin
-CAPTOPRIL/ Capoten |
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-Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart.
*used to treat atrial and ventricular dysrhythmias
-FLECAINIDE/ Tambocor |
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-Block the effect of adrenaline on beta receptors, which slow nerve pules that pass through the hear, thereby causing a decrease heartrate and contractility
*prescribed for hypertension, angina, and arrythmias (dysrhythmias)
-ATENOLOL/Tenormin
-METOPROLOL/Lopressor, Toprol-XL |
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-block the movement of Calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease.
* used to treat angina pectoris, hypertension, arrhythmias, and heart failure
-AMLODIPINE/Norvasc
-DILTIAZEM/Cardizem CD
-NIFEDIPINE/Adalat CC, Procardia |
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-Act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium.
*reduce fluid build-up in the body, including fluid in the lungs, a common symptom of heart failure. also used to treat hypertension
-FUROSEMIDE/Lasix |
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-Dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and decrease venous return and arterial resistance, which decreases myocardial oxygen demand an relieves angina.
*can be administered: sublingually, orally, transdermally (patch), topically, or IV
-NITROGLYCERIN/Nitrolingual, Nitrogard, Nitrostat |
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treat peripheral vascular diseases, diabetic peripheral vascular insufficiency, and Raynaud disease
-CYCLANDELATE/Cyclan
-ISOXUPRINE/Vasodilan |
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-Lowers cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it
*Viortin combined with a cholesterol absorption inhibitor not only lowers cholesterol in the blood and reduces its production in the liver, but also decreases absorption of dietary cholesterol from the intestine. Dilate arteries in skeletal muscles, thus improving peripheral blood flow.
-ATORVASTATIN/Lipitor
-SIMVASTATIN/Zocor
-SIMVASTATING AND EZETIMIBE/Vytorin |
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| puncture of a vein by a needle attached to a syringe or catheter to withdraw a specimen of blood; AKA phlebotomy |
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| incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis |
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| destruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters, such as tissue plasminogen activator |
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| Puncturing of the pericardium to remove excess fluid from the pericardial sac or to test for protein, sugar, and enzymes or determine the causative organism of pericarditis |
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| types: coronary artery bypass graft, valve replacement, and heart transplant |
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tying a varicose vein (ligation) followed by removal of the affected segment (stripping)
*usual treatemt for varicose veings is laser ablation in combination with microphlebectomies and sclerotherapy |
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procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins.
* the laser's heat coagulates blood inside the vessel, causing it to collapse and seal. Later, the vessels dissolve within the body, becoming less visible, or disappear altogether. |
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surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their "commissures" (points of touching)
*many candidates are now treated with balloon mitral valvuloplasty |
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destruction of conduction tissue of the heart to interrupt the abnormal conduction pathway causing the arrhythmia, thus allowing normal heart rhythm to resume
*catheter ablation is usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance. |
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| removal and examination of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes |
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| removal of material from an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device |
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| Dilation of an occluded vessel using a balloon catheter under fluoroscopic guidance |
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| Procedure that alters a vessel through surgery or dilation of the vessel using a balloon |
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| Injection of a chemical irritant into vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein |
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| Technique used to block blood flow to a site by passing a catheter to the area and injecting a synthetic material or medication specially designed to occlude the blood vessel |
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| Procedure to restore normal rhythm to the heart by applying a controlled electrical shock to the exterior of the chest |
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| Identifies infarcted or scarred areas of tue heart that show up as "cold spots" |
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Imaging technique that provides a graphic display of heart sounds and murmurs during the cardiac cycle
*overall cardiac performance |
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| Shows motion of the heart wall and ventricle's ability to eject blood |
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| Localized abnormal dilation of an artery |
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| Inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm, possibly including a rapid or slow beating or skipping a beat |
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| Quivering or spontaneous muscle contractions causing ineffectual contractions |
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| Arrest of bleeding or circulation |
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| area of tissue thy undergoes necrosis following cessation of blood supply |
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| Local and temp deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction |
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| Sensation thy the heart is not beating normally, possibly including thumping, fluttering, skipped beats, or a pounding feeling in the chest |
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| mineral salts(sodium, potassium, and calcium) that carry an electrical charge in solution |
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fluid that passes form the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli of the kidney
*similar to plasma, but has less protein. Urine is formed from this |
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products of cellular metabolism that contain nitrogen
*include urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia |
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| sequence of rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow |
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| serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity ad covers most of the organs within the cavity |
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| liquid portion of the blood, composed primarily of water (90%), and containing dissolved proteins, nutrients, lipids, and various waste products |
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