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Definition
| the conditional release of inmates by a parole board prior to the expiration of their sentence |
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| the superintendant of the British penal colony in Norfolk Island from 1841 to 1844, who created a system of marks for good behavior that could lead to a graduated release from prison |
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| credits against a sentence that allowed for inmates to be released once they earned the required level of marks through work and good behavior |
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| stage of the mark system that emphasized punishment and included solitary confinement and a diet of bread and water |
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| stage of the mark system that allowed inmates to associate and begin to earn marks through work, program participation, and good behavior |
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| a stage of the mark system in which inmates were grouped and held jointly responsible for the conduct of each other, as a way to begin the process of living responsibly in society |
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| final stage in the mark system in which prisoners earning the required level of marks received a conditional pardon and were released to the community |
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| the director of the Irish prison system in 1854, who began to implement many of the ideas of Maconochie's work |
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| first stage of Irish prison system that lasted approx. nine months; consisted of punishment, little interaction with other prisoners, silence, chapel, and work |
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Definition
| second stage of Irish prison system in which the offender worked with the other inmates and earned marks to gain privileges and move further toward release |
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Definition
| Transitional stage to society in Irish prison system, which included training on the freedoms and requirements of release and continued earning of marks to reach fourth stage |
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Term
| ticket of leave (Irish prison system) |
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Definition
| a conditional release for the remainder of the sentence, and the first use of parole as it is known today. |
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Term
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Definition
| a leading U.S. penologist in the mid-1800s who was a proponent of adopting the Irish system in the U.S. and who became the first superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory |
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| the first reformatory in the U.S.; it opened in 1876 and used the principles of the Irish system, indeterminate sentences, and parole |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that criminals are "sick" and can thus benefit from treatment/therapy, and the behavioral sciences can provide the necessary treatments/therapeutic methods |
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| he model for sentencing proposed by Fogel that would use flat, determinate sentences, eliminate parole boards, and make all treatment voluntary |
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| a model for sentencing proposed by von Hirsch that had fixed sentences for each crime so that the punishment fit the crime |
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Term
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Definition
| release of inmates in which the decision to release is made by a parole board |
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Term
| supervised mandatory release |
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Definition
| a type of release in which inmates serve a determinate sentence and are then released, but with a period of supervision to follow |
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Term
| unconditional mandatory release |
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Definition
| a type of release in which inmates serve the full portion of their sentence and have no supervision after release from prison |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to sentencing guidelines, these use predictive factors to determine the offender's risk to the community and chance for success; prescribe a presumptive time to be served based on the seriousness of the crime and the factors predictive of success for each inmate |
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Term
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Definition
| a point determination for each inmate for use with parole guidelines; the score is based on factors predictive of success on parole |
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Term
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Definition
| officials who are not appointed parole board members, yet they hold parole hearings and make recommendations to the parole board regarding inmates' release |
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Term
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Definition
| a date the inmate can expect to be released on parole, even if it is five or ten years later than the hearing |
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Term
| standard conditions of parole |
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Definition
| applicable to all parolees |
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Term
| special conditions of parole |
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Definition
| tailored to certain parolees based on their needs (addiction treatment, sex offender registration, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| face-to-face contact between a parole officer and an offender |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to follow conditions of parole supervision |
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Term
| formal revocation process |
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Definition
| includes determination of violation, possible stipulated agreement, notice of violation, possible warrant for arrest and custody, preliminary revocation hearing, full revocation hearing, and either reprimand/modification of conditions with return to supervision or violation and return to prison |
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Term
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Definition
| 1972-spelled out due process rights required for Parole revocation hearings |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of an inmate leaving prison and returning to the community |
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