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| system of people, relationships, customs operating to accomplish society’s work |
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| achieved through sanctions, law, socialization that encourage conformity to norms and rules and discourage deviance. |
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| control takes place when people internalize norms and values and follow them in their lives |
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| involves negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and punish rule breakers |
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| is behavior, belief or condition that violates social norms and expectations in the society/group in which it occurs (thereby judged negatively by most of society’s members) |
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sets boundaries for permitted behavior/ clarifies rules
promotes group solidarity and unifies the group
can stimulate social change |
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| it varies by time, place and social group |
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| Groups with more power are |
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| likely to have their definition of deviance accepted |
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| any act that violates the law. Laws are specific rules enacted by a political authority with specific punitive sanctions |
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| felonies and misdemeanors |
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| are serious crimes such as homicide or rape for which punishment ranges from more than a year in prison to death. |
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| are minor crimes typically punished by less than one year in jail |
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| Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) |
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| produced by FBI and based on statistics from local jurisdictions |
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| studies are reports by alleged victims of crimes. |
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| Anonymous self reports of crime |
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| reveal higher rates than those found in official statistics. |
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| Social characteristics of persons arrested for crimes against persons or property |
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young -those under than 25 commit 46% of violent crime and 56% of property crime
male -commit 76% of crime; women keep up with men on forgery and fraud
black -39% of arrests for violent crime and 30% of arrests for property crime but only 13% of population
poor- lower social classes are more often arrested for violent & property crimes
urban |
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50% of violent crimes & 61% of property crimes are not reported to police
Men are more likely to be victims although women more fearful
African Americans more likely to be victims than any other ethnic group |
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| Public order crimes , Occupational or White collar crime , Organized crime , Index (UCR) or street crimes , Political crimes , Corporate crime |
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| illegal act committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support |
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| victimless crimes such as gambling, prostitution, drug use in a willing exchange |
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| Occupational or White collar crime |
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| committed by respectable persons in the performance of job duties |
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| large groups organized to maximize profit and minimize apprehension |
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| Index (UCR) or street crimes |
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| against persons and property; often involve violence (force or threat of force); examples are murder, rape, robbery; burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny, theft, arson |
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| illegal or unethical actions involving usurpation of power by government officials. Can be illegal or unethical acts against the government by outsides to overthrow the government or make a political statement |
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| Discretionary Powers in Law Enforcement |
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| Police, Prosecutors, and Judges |
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| Arrest and detain people, search people, and investigate specific crimes. |
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| Set bail or conditions for release, accept pleas, dismiss charges, revoke probation |
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| Seek indictments, Drop cases, Reduce charges, impose sentences |
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| Criminal justice system refers to |
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| local, state and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes and treat and rehabilitate criminals. |
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Retribution imposes a penalty on the offender and is based on the premise that punishment should fit the crime
Incapacitation or social protection is served by restricting offenders so it is impossible for them to commit further crimes.
Rehabilitation seeks to return offenders to the community as law abiding citizens
Deterrence seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling fear of the certainty and extent (severity) of punishment |
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| deviance behavior results form gap between goals a society sets up and ways of satisfying or meeting the goal. Those denied access to legitimate goals experience frustration that may lead to deviance |
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conformity – accept goals and means
innovation – accept goals and new delinquent means
ritualism – abandon goals and rigidly adhere to means (bureaucratic personality)
retreatism – abandon goals and means to become addict alienated from society
rebellion – reject goals and means and replace them with new goals and means to reach them |
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| Walter Reckless says people |
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| are drawn to deviance by poverty but not all people turn to deviance because they have outer containments and inner containments |
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| Travis Hirschi explored wh |
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| all poor people don’t become deviant. Deviance is avoided by youth strongly bonded to society through attachment to family, teachers, law-abiding peers. They are committed to conventional activities and share commonly held values – develop positive self image and self control |
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Cloward and Ohlin suggested that for deviance to occur people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures that allow them to acquire through illegitimate channels what they cannot get through legitimate ones.
criminal gang– economic gain is opportunity
conflict gang – no economic gain so turf fights
retreatist gang– deviants retreat into addiction |
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| Differential association or cultural transmission |
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| Sutherland looked at how deviant behavior is acquired through socialization in deviant subculture – one learns the behavior and rationalizations for it. Success depends on age of association, frequency and duration of association. Subculture reinforces and sanctions the deviance. |
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| Differential Reinforcement |
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| Criminologist Ronald Akers combined differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory to create differential reinforcement theory |
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| If a person’s friends and groups define deviant behavior as “right,” they is more likely to |
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| engage in deviant behavior |
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| Labeling theory(Becker and Lemert |
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| deviance is socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and those people accept label and begin to act accordingly - everyone breaks rules but not everyone is labeled deviant |
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| After a person is labeled as deviant |
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| the group changes their response based on the label. |
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| person alters self concept to fit reactions of others and acts out roles based on new definition |
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| when person who has been labeled as deviant tries to normalize behavior by re-labeling it as non deviant |
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– those who possess political and economic power are able to enforce rules that work to their advantage.
White, upper class males have the advantage. |
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| Powerful people determine |
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| what deviance is and who the deviant are. |
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liberal: deviance arises from discrimination
radical: focuses on patriarchy
socialist: focuses on capitalism and patriarchy |
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| Knowledge is power. Power, knowledge and social control (technology) are intertwined. Surveillance of those in subordinate positions confers power |
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