Term
| What divisions is the skeleton divided into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the Axial skeleton? |
|
Definition
| Along the axis of the body. It includes the skull, rib cage and spine. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the appendicular skeleton? |
|
Definition
| This includes the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle and the appendages (limbs) that attach to the girdle. |
|
|
Term
| What is and what group does the auditory ossicles belong to? |
|
Definition
| The auditory ossicles are the small bones of the middle ear and they are neither axial or appendicular but they are grouped with axial for convenience. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the following type of bone and give examples: Long bones? |
|
Definition
| They are longer than they are wide. Examples are humerous, radius, olna and phalanges. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the following type of bone and give examples: short bones? |
|
Definition
| Approximately cuboidal in shape. Examples are carpals which are bones of the wrist. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the following type of bone and give examples: flat bone? |
|
Definition
| This, flattened and usually slightly curved. Examples are cranial bones and ribs. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the following type of bone and give examples : irregular bones? |
|
Definition
| Have a complex shape. Examples include vertebrae & coxal (hip bones). |
|
|
Term
| Describe the following type of bone and give examples: sesamoid bones? |
|
Definition
| Develop within a tendon (a special type of short bone)Examples include the patella. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the following type of bone and give examples: sutural bones? |
|
Definition
| Form in between the sutures of the skull (a special type of irregular bone). Examples very from person to person. |
|
|
Term
| List and describe 6 functions of the bones? |
|
Definition
Provide support - the legs access pillars to support late.
Provide protection - protect vital organs. Movement when combined with muscles -bones act as levers.
Mineral storage - act as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus like a bank.
Blood cell production - in the shaft of the bones in children, in the spongy bone cavities of adults.
Triglycerides storage- the red marrow changes to yellow marrow an adult. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A KA the shaft, the long axis of the bone, made up of compact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One end of the long bone, made up of spongy bone with the cortex of compact bone. Epiphysis is the plural form of the word. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth plate region for bones that are still growing in length , located at the junction of the ephiphysis and the diaphysis. |
|
|
Term
| Define articular cartilage |
|
Definition
| Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of long bones, articulation (joining) occurs here. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dense irregular connective tissue that covers the diaphysis. |
|
|
Term
| Define perforating fibers |
|
Definition
| Collagen fibers that attach the periosteum to the bone. These fibers originate in the tendons and ligaments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located in the shack that contains yellow bone marrow in adults, red bone marrow earlier in life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The inner lining of the medullary cavity made up of reticular connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5cell types present in bones? and define each? |
|
Definition
Osteogenic cells- stem cells that undergo mitosis and differentiate into osteoblasts. They are located in the endosteum, periosteum and the central canal.
Osteoblast- these are the protein, collagen ( the organic compound) it secreting cells. The protein is then hardened by the inorganic mineral components.
Osteocytes- the mature bone cells located in the lucanae, they maintain the exchange of nutrients important to repair and remodeling of the bone.
Osteoclast- the cells are formed by the fusion of many about 50 immature monocytes, they destroy the bone matrix for normal growth and repair.
Mineral salts present and bone- hydroxyapatite ( calcium phosphate) and some calciym carbonate. |
|
|
Term
| What is the different types of matrix present in bones? |
|
Definition
| Matrix is composed of 25 percent water, 25 percent protein, and 50 percent crystallized mineral salts. |
|
|
Term
| What is the different types of fibers present in bones? |
|
Definition
| The fibers present are collagen. |
|
|
Term
| What is calcification Aka mineralization |
|
Definition
| When the mineral salts and collagen crystallize the process is initialized by osteoblasts. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5cell types present in bones? and define each? |
|
Definition
Osteogenic cells- stem cells that undergo mitosis and differentiate into osteoblasts. They are located in the endosteum, periosteum and the central canal.
Osteoblast- these are the protein, collagen ( the organic compound) it secreting cells. The protein is then hardened by the inorganic mineral components.
Osteocytes- the mature bone cells located in the lucanae, they maintain the exchange of nutrients important to repair and remodeling of the bone.
Osteoclast- the cells are formed by the fusion of many about 50 immature monocytes, they destroy the bone matrix for normal growth and repair.
Mineral salts present and bone- hydroxyapatite ( calcium phosphate) and some calciym carbonate. |
|
|
Term
| What is the different types of matrix present in bones? |
|
Definition
| Matrix is composed of 25 percent water, 25 percent protein, and 50 percent crystallized mineral salts. |
|
|
Term
| What is the different types of fibers present in bones? |
|
Definition
| The fibers present are collagen. |
|
|
Term
| What is calcification Aka mineralization |
|
Definition
| When the mineral salts and collagen crystallize the process is initialized by osteoblasts. |
|
|
Term
| Compare the structure and location of compact and spongy bone? |
|
Definition
| Every bone has a dence outer layer that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye. This external layer is compact bone. Internal to this is spongy bone. Compact phone looks fairly solid and homogeneous whereas spongy bone has an open network of phone spicules. |
|
|
Term
| Describe that he isn't of intramembranous ossification? |
|
Definition
| Bones develop directly from the embryonic tissue( mesenchyme) there's no cartilage stage ( flat skull bones, mandible and clavicles develop this way |
|
|
Term
| Describe that he's inside of endochondral ossification? |
|
Definition
| Within the cartilage the formation of the bones is from a hyaline cartilage model, most bones form this way. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the embryonic tissue them bones originate from? |
|
Definition
| Before week 8, the skeleton of a human embryo is constructed entirely from fibrous membrane and hyaline cartilage. |
|
|
Term
| Explain how bones increase in length? |
|
Definition
| Long bones increase in length by interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plate cartilage and its replacement by bone. |
|
|
Term
| Explain how bones increase in diameter? |
|
Definition
| Apposition gowth increases bone diameter/thickness. |
|
|
Term
| What type of ossification is more frequently used? |
|
Definition
| Most bones are formed by endochondral ossification of a hyaline cartilage model. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how remodeling occurs and why remodeling of the bones is necessary? |
|
Definition
| Bone is dynamic and continually changing even after adulthood. Bone issue is continually replaced. Osteoclast do the breakdown process known as bone reabsorption. Osteoblast move in and rebuild bone. If osteoclast and osteoblast activity is out of balance than bone spurs results. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the effect of exercise on the bone? |
|
Definition
| Weight bearing exercise increases the mechanical stress that is placed on bones. the osteoclast that car and stressed areas are less sensitive to PTH stimulation resulting in less breakdown of the bone and areas that need to be thicker. |
|
|
Term
| Describe hormonal and nutritional affects on down? |
|
Definition
| The hormonal controls of bone remodeling serve blood calcium homeostasis. when blood calcium levels decline, PTH is released and stimulates osteoclasts to digest bones matrix, releasing ionic calcium. As blood calcium levels rise, PTH secretion declines. |
|
|
Term
| What is parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
|
Definition
| Secreted by the parathyroid glands. net result is an increase in the calcium in the bloodstream by increasing osteoclast activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid. This hormone appears to have little effect on calcium homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the difference between open and closed reduction? |
|
Definition
| Closed reduction means no surgery or incisions required. Open reduction means surgery that involves cutting to realign the bones. the use of screws, plates, pins and rods is common. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the effects of aging on bone tissue? |
|
Definition
| Aging result in a loss of bone tisdue with demineralization and with a decrease in estrogen for women. Aging also decreases protein synthesis which results in brittleness or osteoporosis. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the events of fracture repair? |
|
Definition
Formation of the fracture hematoma - formation of a blood clot because the blood vessels have also broken.
Callus formation- an internal callus of spongy bone an external callus off cartilage form.
Bony callus formation- the external cartilage is replaced with spongy bone.
Bone remodeling- compact bone replaces the spongy bone. |
|
|
Term
| What is a comminuted fracture? |
|
Definition
| The bone is broken into 3 or more small pieces. |
|
|
Term
| What is a spiral fracture? |
|
Definition
| Jagged breaks do to twisting of the bone. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Potts fracture? |
|
Definition
| A break in the distal end of the fibula and the tibia. |
|
|
Term
| What is a depressed fracture? |
|
Definition
| A depression is formed when the bone is broken and pushed in, common in the skull. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Colles fracture? |
|
Definition
| A break in the distal end of the radius. |
|
|
Term
| What is a greenstick fracture? |
|
Definition
| AKA incomplete, only 1 side of the bone, the break is not through the thickness of the bone. |
|
|
Term
| What is a transverse fracture? |
|
Definition
| Perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. |
|
|
Term
| What is a stress fracture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a compression fracture? |
|
Definition
| Bone is crumbled, common with osteoporosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is a displaced vs non displaced fracture? |
|
Definition
| The break is displaced if the bone pieces are no longer in alignment. Nondisplaced it's just the opposite. |
|
|
Term
| What is a comminuted fracture? |
|
Definition
| The bone is broken into 3 or more small pieces. |
|
|
Term
| What is a spiral fracture? |
|
Definition
| Jagged breaks do to twisting of the bone. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Potts fracture? |
|
Definition
| A break in the distal end of the fibula and the tibia. |
|
|
Term
| What is a depressed fracture? |
|
Definition
| A depression is formed when the bone is broken and pushed in, common in the skull. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Colles fracture? |
|
Definition
| A break in the distal end of the radius. |
|
|
Term
| What is a greenstick fracture? |
|
Definition
| AKA incomplete, only 1 side of the bone, the break is not through the thickness of the bone. |
|
|
Term
| What is a transverse fracture? |
|
Definition
| Perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. |
|
|
Term
| What is a stress fracture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a compression fracture? |
|
Definition
| Bone is crumbled, common with osteoporosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is a displaced vs non displaced fracture? |
|
Definition
| The break is displaced if the bone pieces are no longer in alignment. Nondisplaced it's just the opposite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medullary cavity ( lined by endosteum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Perforating ( SHARPEYS FIBERS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many bones are in the skull? explain? |
|
Definition
| 22 Bones 8 are cranial bones and 14 are facial bones |
|
|
Term
| Bones in the skull form important body cavities what are they? |
|
Definition
| Cranial, Orbits, nasal, oral, and paranasal cavities. |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the bones in the cranial |
|
Definition
| Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, spend sphenoid |
|
|
Term
| Where's the frontal bone? |
|
Definition
| Forms the forehead, roof of the eye sockets and about 1 third of the roof of the cranial cavity as well as a portion of The floor of the cranial cavity. |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of the frontal bone? |
|
Definition
Supraorbital margin- that's sickening that the eyebrows are a top
Supraorbital foramen- small hole found in the middle of each supraorbital margin for the passage of nerves and blood vessels.
Frontal sinuses- 2 cavities Austin present in the frontal bone that act as voice chambers
Glabella- smooth surface between the eyes |
|
|
Term
| Where's the parietal bones? |
|
Definition
| Forms most of the roof of the cranial cavity. the sagittal suture is where the 2 parietal bones come together. Small sutural bones are often seen in the middle |
|
|
Term
| Where's the coronal suture? |
|
Definition
| Where frontal bone and parietal bones come together |
|
|
Term
| Where's the sagittal suture? |
|
Definition
| Where to parietal bones come together |
|
|
Term
| Where's the lambdoid suture? |
|
Definition
| Join the parietal an occipital bones |
|
|
Term
| Where's the squamous suture? |
|
Definition
| Join the parietal and the temporal bones |
|
|
Term
| Where's the occipitomastoid suture |
|
Definition
| Join us for occipital bone and the mastoid process of the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Little fountains, soft spots, fibrous connective tissue that gets replaced by bone. They allow for the rapid growth of the brain during development. |
|
|
Term
| What are anterior fontanelle |
|
Definition
| Located on the superior portion of the head, can be used to draw blood, assess dehydration and see pulse |
|
|
Term
| Where are the temporal bones? |
|
Definition
| From the lateral aspects of the cranial cavity and part of the floor of the cranial cavity. They forms at temples the region just above the ear. |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of temporal bones |
|
Definition
Zygomatic process- an anterior projection that forms part of the zygomatic arch the cheekbone.
Mandibular fossa- and depression where the Jaw mandible articulates with the temporal bone.
Temporomandibular joint- name for the joining of the mandible and the temporal bone that forms a hinge joint.
Mastoid process- bump that is felt behind the ear lobe. It contains sinuses that are separated from the brain by only a fan amount of bone.
Mastoiditis- is an inflammation of this region.sternocleidomastoid muscle has it's insertion here)
external acoustic meatus- the opening to the external ear canal. Also known as external auditory meatus in the lab manual
styloid process- a pointy spine that resembles a stylus. It serves as the attachment point for muscles that attach the tongue, Hyoid bone and pharynx
jugular foramen- a large opening that is formed by both the temporal an occipital bone. The jugular vein and 3 cranial nerves passed through this opening
Carotid canal- provides a passageway for the Internal carotid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single bone that forms the base of the cranial cavity, back of the head. |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of the occipital bone |
|
Definition
Foramen magnum- a large hole that the lower portion of the brain stem in the spinal cord passed through
occipital condyles- smooth small bump 1 on either side of the foramen magnum. This is where the skull rest on the vertebral column.
External occipital protruberance- a prominent burn fat can be found at the back of the head.
Hypoglossal canal also known as foramen- cranial nerves, hypoglossal nerve passed through this foramen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
