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Chapter 6: Erickson
Erik H. Erickson
103
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
03/18/2012

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Term
What did Freud think about the ego?
Definition
-the ego is the id's slave
-everything a person does is because of the id's demands
Term
What did Anna Freud say about the importance of the id
Definition
-instead of focusing just on the id, need to focus on the other parts of the personality (id, ego, superego)
Term
What does Erickson say about the ego?
Definition
-said that the ego is just as impostant as the id

-ego has own needs; does not just fulfill id

-needs to organize one's life to ensure harmony with social and physical environment

-ego psychology
Term
what is ego psychology?
Definition
philosophy that the ego is as important as the id. the ego is autonomous + has goals of its own
Term
Where when was Erickson born?
Definition
-Germany
-early 1900s
Term
What's up with Erik's parents?
Definition
-His mom + her first husband got a divorce. The husband was a criminal.

-Erik did not know his father. Everyone said the criminal was his father, but he was not.

-His mom married Homburger when Erik was 3. Homburger adopted Erik.

-Erik thought that Homburger was his real father during his childhood
Term
Why did Erickson change his name?
Definition
Erickson = Eric's son

He believed that people create themselves.
Term
What was Erickson's big identity crisis growing up?
Definition
-He was Jewish, but had blue eyes and blond hair
Term
Who trained Erickson in psychoanalysis?
Definition
Anna Freud
Term
Erik + Joan
Definition
-met at masked dance
-joan = dance teacher, member of freud's circle
-moved in together + became pregnant
-married
Term
psychohistory
Definition
-analyzed historical figures (like hitler)

-used developmental theory to analyze their behavior
Term
Erickson's study of girls + boys' arrangement of toys to create a scene
Definition
-girls created scenes that included an enclosure + other elements like animals

-boys scenes had buildings with high walls. had animals and people outside enclosure

--Erickson thought that these scenes represented their external genitalia

"anatomy, history, and personality are our combined destiny"
Term
What were Caplan's criticism's of Erickson's theory that sexual anatomy determines personality?
Definition
-there is no sex difference found in constructions of simple enclosures made by kids

-there are no sex determined personality characteristics

-anatomy is not destiny, because personality differences between men and women emerge as a result of differential socialization practices
Term
What did Erickson say in response to the criticisms he faced when he said that sex determines personality?
Definition
-psychoanalytic truths are often disturbing and he understands why people are upset by them

-biology is only one determinant of personality; culture is another
Term
Erickson's epigenetic principle
Definition
-all humans develop personality in determined stages

-our environment influences how we progress through these stages
Term
Crisis
Definition
-turning point that occurs in stage of development

-can have negative or positive results
Term
3 phases of a crisis
Definition
1. Immature phase: not a focal point of personality development

2. critical phase:it is the focal point of pesonality development due to biological, psychological, social reasons

3. resolution phase: resolution of phase influences subsequent personality development
Term
what determines whether a crisis will be resolved positively?
Definition
social environment
Term
ritualizations
Definition
-behaviors that reflect customs of a culture

ex: shaking hands, kissing, hugging, etc
Term
ritualisms
Definition
inappropriate or false ritualizations

-cause of most psychological and social pathology

-"empty ceremonies"

-ritualizations that become mechanical and stereotypical; no longer have meaning

ex: ritualization = addressing accomplished person with a title.
ritualism = worship accomplished people
Term
what determines the exact order in which the developmental stages occur?
Definition
-epigenetic principle
Term
What stage of development during infancy?
Definition
Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust

-birth to one year
-most helpless and dependent on adults

-basic trust develops when caregivers fulfill basic needs

-if caregiver rejects needs or fulfills them in an inconsistent manner, then Basic Mistrust exists
Term
Basic Trust
Definition
-infancy

-develops when infants' needs are met consistently

-general trust of the world and the people in it
Term
What is the infant's first social achievement?
Definition
-willingness to let the mother out of sight without undue anxiety or rage

-due to basic trust
Term
when does a virtue emerge in one's personality?
Definition
when a crisis is resolved positively
Term
Virtue
Definition
adds strength to the ego

ex: hope
Term
numinous
Definition
various culturally different ways that a mother interacts with infant

-ritualizations
Term
idolism
Definition
-occurs when normal respect and deep appreciation for a person becomes excessive admiration and idealization.

steers developing child in the direction of blind hero worship
Term
What developmental stage occurs during early childhood?
Definition
-Autonomy versus Shame and doubt
Term
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Definition
-early childhood

-end of first year to about end of third year of age

-learn to walk, climb, etc

-anal stage, freud

-battle of wills with parents
Term
what happens if a child develops more autonomy than shame + doubt?
Definition
virtue of WILL emerges

Will = unbroken determination to exercise free choice
Term
autonomy
Definition
sense of being relatively independent of external control
Term
Shame and Doubt
Definition
feelings that develop instead of the feeling of autonomy when the crisis is resolved negatively during 2nd stage
Term
judiciousness
Definition
ritualization by which the child learns what is sanctioned and what is not

-learns laws, rules, etc of culture

-child learns to judge his/her own behavior
Term
legalism
Definition
-can occur during second stage of development

-preoccupation with rules and regulations themselves, instead of what they were trying to accomplish

legalism vs judiciousness
Term
What developmental stage occurs during preschool?
Definition
-Initiative vs Guilt
Term
Initiative vs Guilt
Definition
4-5 years old

-Phallic stage, Freud

-child develops interest in sexual differences

-limits are tested
Term
How do children develop initiative?
Definition
a parent encourage their childrens' self-initiated behaviors and fantasies
Term
How is guilt developed during the Intiave vs Guilt stage?
Definition
-parents ridicule the child's self-initiated behavior and imagination

-will live in narrow limits that others set for them
Term
How is the virtue PURPOSE developed?
Definition
if children develop more initiative than guilt
Term
authenticity
Definition
ritualization characterizing the third stage of development (preschool)

involves role playing to discover possible ways to live adult life
Term
impersonation
Definition
ritualization that occurs during the third stage of development (preschool)

-involves confusing playing a role with one's personality
Term
What crisis occurs during School Age? 6-11 years old
Definition
Industry vs Inferiority
Term
Industry vs inferiority
Definition
-corresponds with Freud's latency stage

-attend school

-learn skills necessary for survival

-taught skills necessary for future employment
Term
Industry
Definition
learn to be a productive member of society
Term
when does INFERIORITY develop
Definition
School age 6-11

when kids do not develop industry.

lose confidence in ability to become productive members of society
Term
When is the virtue COMPETENCE developed?
Definition
preschool age 6-11

-if children's sense of industry is greater than their sense of inferiorty
Term
Formality vs formalism
Definition
-during this stage, children learn that they must have REAL skills, not imagined ones
Term
Formality
Definition
ritualization where kids learn the appropriate ways of doing things

-must do everything "properly"
Term
Formalism
Definition
demonstrated when an overconcern with technique and a blindness of the purpose and meaning of task occur
Term
What developmental stage occurs during adolescence? 12-20 years old
Definition
Identity vs Role Confusion
Term
identity crisis
Definition
-5th stage of development

-results: role confusion or gaining an identity
Term
psychosocial moratorium
Definition
5th stage of development

adolescent is searching for identity
Term
negative identity
Definition
identities that children are told not to assume

ex: being an alcoholic
Term
role confusion
Definition
inability to choose a role in life

cannot make superficial commitments
Term
when do kids emerge with the virtue FIDELITY?
Definition
when they have a positive identity rather than role cofusion or a negative identity
Term
What is fidelity?
Definition
virtue where individuals are faithful to a person, belief, or cause
Term
Ideology
Definition
finding the meaning of life + beliefs
Term
Totalism
Definition
exaggeration of ritualization of ideology

Overly committed to simplistic ideoogies
Term
What developmental stage occurs during young adulthood? 20-24 years
Definition
intimacy versus isolation
Term
What did freud say that people should be able to do well?
Definition
love and work
Term
What did Erikson think about relationships?
Definition
only people with a secure identity should enter a relationship

young adults with strong identities seek intimacy from others
Term
What do people that do not develop a capacity for productive work and intimacy end up doing?
Definition
withdraw into themselves

avoid close contacts

develop a feeling of ISOLATION
Term
How do individuals develop the virtue LOVE?
Definition
develop a greater capacity for intimacy than for isolation during young adulthood
Term
affiliation
Definition
the various ways a culture sanctions caring, productive relationships between adults

ex: marriage ceremony = sanctioning rituals
Term
elitism
Definition
exaggeration of ritualization of affiliation

experience sense of isolation rather than intimacy

form bonds with small groups that think the same way, instead of developing healthy relationships

think they are better than everyone else
Term
What developmental stage occurs during adulthood? 25-64
Definition
generativity vs stagnation
Term
generativity
Definition
try to pass on good aspects of life to next generation

-interact with other peoples' kids or your own

-try to enhance lives of next generation
Term
stagnation
Definition
do not care for the next generation
Term
how is the virtue of CARE developed?
Definition
-developed in adulthood

-more generativity than stagnation
Term
generationalism
Definition
ritualization where adults transmit cultural values to next generation
Term
what is the exaggeration of generationalism?
Definition
authoritism (authority figures in a culture use their power not for the care of young, but for their own selfish purposes
Term
what developmental stage occurs during Old Age? 65+
Definition
Ego ego iIntegrity vs Despair
Term
ego integrity
Definition
8th stage of development, 65+

-do not fear death
-feel good about life lived
Term
Despair
Definition
a person that does not have "ego integrity," fears death, and regrets things that happened during life. do not feel like fulfilled life
Term
How is the virtue WISDOM developed?
Definition
more ego integrity than despair
Term
integralism
Definition
ritualization where individual sees life in larger perspective + knows that they have contributed positively to culture/society
Term
What age does infancy occur?
Definition
birth-1
Term
what age does early childhood occur?
Definition
1-3
Term
what age does preschool age occur?
Definition
4-5
Term
what age does adolescence occur?
Definition
12-20
Term
what age does young adult occur?
Definition
20-24
Term
what age does Old Age occur?
Definition
65+
Term
What age does adulthood occur?
Definition
25-64
Term
What ritualizations occur during infancy?
Definition
numinous

idolism
Term
What ritualizations occur during early childhood?
Definition
legalism

judiciousness
Term
what ritualizations occur during preschool age?
Definition
impersonation

authenticity
Term
what ritualizations occur during adolescence?
Definition
ideology

totalism
Term
what age is school age?
Definition
6-11
Term
what ritualizations occur during school age?
Definition
formality

formalism
Term
what ritualizations occur during young adulthood?
Definition
affiliation

elitism
Term
what ritualizations occur during adulthood?
Definition
generationalism

authoritism
Term
what ritualizations occur during old age?
Definition
integralism

sapientism
Term
sapientism
Definition
older person does not have ego integrity, just despair

pretends to be wise and have all answers
Term
What did Erikson think that patients suffer from in modern times?

What did he think they suffered with in the past?
Definition
Current: what he should believe in, who he should be/become

Past: inhibitions which prevented people from being what and who they thought they were
Term
Compare Freud + Erikson: Development
Definition
-Freud: concentrated his studies on psychosexual stages of development coming before age of 6.

-Erickson: Studied development as it occurs throughout life
Term
Compare Freud and Erikson: Anatomy as destiny
Definition
Freud: Emphasized importance of biological differences between sexes.

Erikson: agreed that anatomical differences provide patterns of internal stimulation. He insisted that stimulation interacts with environment to produce personality characteristics.

-Erikson does not talk about penis envy
Term
Compare Freud and Erikson: Ego Psychology
Definition
Erikson shifted attention away from the id and toward the ego.

-Erikson viewed society as a potential strength. Freud viewed society as being war for individual

-Erikson believed that culture must provide ritualizations that help people positively resolve crises
Term
Compare Freud and Erikson: Dream Analysis
Definition
-Freud and Erikson both agreed that dreams contain info about unconscious


-both believed that free association was effective in studying dreams

-Erikson: Ego influences dreams. Dreams offer solutions to life problems
Term
Compare Freud and Erikson: Psychotherapy
Definition
Freud: need to use psychoanalysis, free association, dream analysis

Erikson: people need to go through all 8 stages of development + develop all virtues to be healthy
Term
Compare Freud and Erikson: Religion
Definition
-Freud: neorosis based on fears and desire

Erikson: people need religion. without it, peoples' lives would be filled with uncertainty
Term
Criticisms of Erikson
Definition
-failure to properly acknowledge influences in his theory: he says that he is Freudian, but his theories are not.

-difficult to test empirically: lacks statistical analysis + quantification

Overly optimistic view of humans: does not talk about animalistic tendencies

support of status quo: advocated conformity, because he said that people should hand down customs from culture to culture.

Excessive morality: christian ethics. erikson may have been describing his own values rather than objective reality.
Term
What are Erikson's contributions to psychology?
Definition
-Expansion of psychology's domain: considered to be most useful theory ever developed

-Considerable applied value: erikson's theory has been successfully used in areas of child psychology and counseling

-Development of ego psychology: encouraged the study or healthy people + neurotics
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