Term
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Definition
| They are natural geologic phenomena cause by the sudden and rapid movement of a large volume of rock. |
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Term
| how do earthquakes occur? |
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Definition
| Earthquakes are produced by the rapid release of elastic energy stored in rock that has been deformed by differential stresses. |
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Term
| What are the types of seismic waves released by earthquakes? |
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Definition
Surface waves
Body waves
-primary waves (P)
-secondary waves (S) |
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Term
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Definition
| a break in a rock mass along which movement has occured |
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Term
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Definition
| the zone within Earth where rock displacement produces an earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
| the location on Earth's surface that lies directly above the forces of an warthquake. |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the degree of ground shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| calculated from seismic records and estimates the amount of energy releases at the source of an earthquake |
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Term
| What are the hazards associated with an earthquake? |
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Definition
-buildings, homes, businesses destroyed
-liquefaction due to areas with unconsolidated material in the ground
-landslides/ ground subsidence
-fires
-tsunami |
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Term
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Definition
| a general term that refers to all changes in the shape, position or orientation of a rock mass. |
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Term
| Brittle failure/deformation |
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Definition
| the loss of strength by a material usually in the form of sudden fracturing |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of solid-state flow that produces a change in size and shape of a rock body without fracturing. Occurs at depths where temperature and confining pressures are high. |
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Term
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Definition
| The temporary change in the shape of an object as a result of stress. Once the stress is removed, the object returns to its original shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fold in sedimentary strata that resembles an arch |
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Term
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Definition
| a linear down fold in sedimentary strata; the opposite of anticline. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fault in which the movement is parallel to the dip of the fault |
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Term
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Definition
| a fault along which the movement is horizontal |
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Term
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Definition
| a fault in which the rock above the fault plane has moved down relative to the rock below |
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Term
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Definition
| a fault in wthe material above the fault plane moves up in relation to the material below |
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Term
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Definition
| a major strike-slip fault that cuts through the lithosphere and accommodates motion between two plates |
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Term
| What type of boundaries is associated with orogenesis? |
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Definition
| convergent plate boundaries |
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Term
| How do volcanic arcs form? |
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Definition
| Volcanic island arcs are formed where oceanic lithosphere sub-ducts beneath on oceanic plate. |
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Term
| How do mountains like the Himalayas form? |
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Definition
volcanic arc along the margin of a continent is formed by sub-duction beneath the Continental block.
Continues sub-duction of oceanic lithosphere beneath an Andean-type continental margin will eventually close an ocean basin. The result will be a continental collision and the development of compressional mountains that are characterized by shortened/thicken crust. |
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Term
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Definition
| a crustal block bounded by faults, whose geological history is distinct from the histories of adjoining crustal block. |
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Term
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Definition
| a crustal block bounded by faults, whose geological history is distinct from the histories of adjoining crustal block. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does plate tectonic explain the presence of rocks with shallow water, marine fossils at the tops of mountains such as the Himalayas or Appalachians? |
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Definition
| The collision between to continental plates, deforms rocks and elevates it into a mountain therefore the material found on the bottom of the sea would be pushed up to the top of the mountain. |
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Term
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Definition
foreshocks
earthquake
aftershocks |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of seismic wave that involves alternating compression and expansion of the material through which it passes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A seismic wave that involves oscillation perpendicular to the direction of propagation. |
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Term
| How are earthquakes measured |
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Definition
Modifies Mercalli Intensity Scale
Richter Magnitude Scale
Moment Magnitude |
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Term
| Strike slip faults which are lateral faults such as |
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Definition
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Term
| Tsunamis can form including forces other than earthquakes that can cause vertical displacement of water column. |
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Definition
| displacement of ocean floor |
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Term
| ___ and ___ are part of mountain building. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a body of molten rock found at depth, including any dissolved gases and crystals. |
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Term
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Definition
| is magma that reaches Earth's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| are produced by the accumulation of fluid basaltic lavas and exhibit the shape of a broad slightly domed structure that resembles a warrior's sheild. |
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Term
| In what tectonic settings do these volcanoes form? |
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Definition
| divergent boundaries and Hawaii(hot spot) |
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Term
| Stratovolcanoes or Composite cone |
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Definition
| a volcano composed of both lava floes and pyroclastic material |
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Term
| What do composite cone volcanoes erupt? |
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Definition
| they erupt huge quantities of pyroclastic material |
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Term
| In what tectonic settings do composite cones volcanoes form? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| about 7000 years ago when a composite cone violently extruded 50 to 70 cubic kilometers of pyroclastic material with loss of support, 1500 meters of the summit collapsed. Then rain water filled it and later volcanic activity built a small cinder cone in the caldera. |
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Term
| Kilauea's caldera formed? |
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Definition
| by gradual subsidence as magma slowly drained laterally from the underlying magma chamber to the East Rift xone, leaving the summit unsupported. |
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Term
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Definition
| flow is fast leaves little time for people to escape |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of volcanic debris and water can flow down steep volcanic slopes with speeds exceeding 60 mph. |
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Term
| What are the volcanic hazards that may threaten these cities built near stratovolcanoes. |
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Definition
| pyroclastic flows, lahars, mass wasting, explosive eruption, damage by clouds of volcanic ash |
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Term
| magma,gas, and pyroclastic(hot ash) materials may be ejected depending on the type of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Magma is composed of ____,_____, and ____. |
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Definition
| molten rock, gas, and solids |
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Term
| The viscosity dependons on ___, ____ and ____. |
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Definition
| temperature, silica content and dissolved gasses |
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Term
| Shield volcanoes are ____, ____ volcanoes and produce ____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| towering, unstable volcanoes and erupt pyroclastic material |
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Term
| Composite cone hazards and how an eruption could devastate an urban area |
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Definition
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Term
| Huge cities lik Naples, Mexico City, Seattle and others are build in the shadow of what type of volcano? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Incandscent volcanic debris buoyed up by hot gasses that moves downslope in an avalanche fashion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cinder cones? erupt? and size? |
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Definition
| smaller,steep sided volcanoes that erut pyroclastics...The size is controlled by angle repose |
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Term
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Definition
| violent eruptions or subsidence |
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Term
| Fissure eruptions are usually |
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Definition
| basalic and can creat plateaus |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure that results from the emplacement and cystallization of magma beneath the surface Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| a tabular-shaped intrusive igneous feature that cuts throu the surrounding rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| a tabular igneous body that was intruded parallel to the layering of reexisting rock |
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Term
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Definition
| a large mass of igneous rock that fromed when magma was emplaced at depth, crystallized, and subsequently exposed by eruption. |
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Term
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Definition
| a massive igneous body intruded between preexisting strata. |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that Earth was shaped by catastrophic events of a short-term nature. Earth has a relatively short history. |
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Term
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Definition
| the comcept that the processes that had shaped Earth in the geologic past are essentialy the same as those operating today. Earth has a long history. |
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Term
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Definition
| states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it |
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Term
| Law of Original Horizontality |
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Definition
| most layers of sediment are deposited in horizontal position |
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Term
| Cross-cutting relationships |
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Definition
| a rock or fault is younger than any rock or fault through which it cuts |
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Term
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Definition
| a surface that represents a break in the rock record, caused by erosion and nondeposition |
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Term
| What are the three types of uncomfromities? |
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Definition
| angular unconformity, disconformity, and nonconformity |
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Term
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Definition
| a unconformity in which the strata below dip at an angle different from that of the beds above. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of unconformity in whic he beds above and below are parallel |
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Term
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Definition
| Anunconformity in which older metamorphic or intrusive igenos rocks are overlain by younger sedimentary strata. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fossil that is associated with a particular span of geologic time |
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Term
| How are fosssils preserved? |
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Definition
| rabid burial and the possession of hard parts such as shells, bones, or teeth. |
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Term
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Definition
| the procedure of calculating the absolute ages of rocks and minerals that contain radioactive isotopes |
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Term
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Definition
| the time required for one half of the atoms of a radioactive substance to decay |
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Term
| What assumptions are made when using radiometric dating? |
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Definition
-assume the sume of the parent isotope and daughter products are all that was ever present and nothing has been losted or added to amount present.
-assume radiometric clock was never reset by some geologic event |
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Term
| why do most absolute dates rely on more than one method of raiometric dating? |
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Definition
to cross check dates
-if agree, highly likely date is reliable
-if appreciable difference, other cross checks must be employed to determine,if either, is correct |
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Term
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Definition
| establishing the equivalence of rocks of similar age in different areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of Earth history into blocks of time, such as eons, eras, periods, and epochs. The time scale was created using relative dating principles. |
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Term
| What are the subdivisions make up the geologic time scale? |
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Definition
eons, include Archean, Proterozonic, (Pechambrian) and Phanerzoic
-Paleozoic
-Mesozoic
-Cenozoic |
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Term
| How are fossils used to date rocks? |
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Definition
| Principle of fossil succession and Index fossil |
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Term
| Relative dating uses ____ and ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Radiometric dcay gives real time dates and uses |
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Definition
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