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Chapter 6
States of Matter
108
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
06/28/2006

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Term
The state of a substance depends on what two factors
Definition
temperature and pressure
Term
what four properties are commonly used to distinguish substances?
Definition
density, shape, compressibility, thermal compression
Term
density
Definition
the mass of a sample of matter divided by the volume of the same sample
Term
shape
Definition
sometimes dependant on container and sometimes not, depending on the state of matter
Term
compressibility
Definition
the chamge in volume resulting from a pressure change
Term
thermal expansion
Definition
the change in volume resulting from temperature changes
Term
how does a thermometer work?
Definition
thermal expansion-as the temp of the liquid increases, it expands and fills more of the fine capillary tube on with the temp scale is engraved.
Term
density of a solid
Definition
high
Term
shape of a solid
Definition
definite
Term
compressibility of a solid
Definition
small
Term
thermal expansion of a solid
Definition
very small
Term
density of a liquid
Definition
high-usually lower than the corresponding solid
Term
shape of a liquid
Definition
indefinite
Term
compressibility of a liquid
Definition
small-usually higher than that of the corresponding solid
Term
thermal expansion of a liquid
Definition
small
Term
density of a gas
Definition
low
Term
shape of a gas
Definition
indefinite
Term
compressibility of gas
Definition
large
Term
thermal expansion of a gas
Definition
moderate
Term
the kinetic molecular theory of matter is used to explain
Definition
the behavior of matter in its various states
Term
first postulate of the KMT
Definition
matter is composed of tiny particles called molecules
Term
second postulate of the KMT
Definition
the particles are in constant motion and therefore possess kinetic energy
Term
third postulate of the KMT
Definition
the particles possess potential energy as a result of attracting or repelling each other
Term
fourth postulate of the KMT
Definition
the average particle speed increases ass the temperature increases
Term
fifth posulate of the KMT
Definition
the particles tansfer energy to each other during collisions in which no net energy is lost from the system
Term
What makes a substance a solid liquid or gas
Definition
itdepends on the strength of attractive foreces active between atoms.
Term
what unit is used for the volume of a solid
Definition
centimeters cubed
Term
what unit will be used for volume of a gas?
Definition
liters cubed
Term
unit for volume of a liquid?
Definition
mL
Term
exact density is dependant on
Definition
temperature
Term
two types of energy
Definition
kinetic and potential
Term
potential energy
Definition
stored energy
Term
kinetic energy
Definition
energy of motion
Term
formula for kinetic energy
Definition
one half times mass times velocity squared
Term
energy can be transformed from one type to another but cannot
Definition
be created or destroyed
Term
six forms of energy
Definition
heat, light, chemical, electrical, mechanical, nuclear
Term
Kinetic molecular theory of gases (1)
Definition
consists of many particles (atoms or molecule) motion is random no attractive forces
Term
kinetic molecular theory of gases (2)
Definition
space betweeen particles very large compared to size of particles
Term
Kinetic molecular theory of gases (3)
Definition
kinetic energy of average particle proportional to temperature in kelvins
Term
kinetic molecular theory of gases (4)
Definition
energy total after collsions results in NO loss of kinetic energy
Term
kinetic molecular theory of gases is based on the assumpts for
Definition
ideal gases
Term
Three factors that are involved (when amount of gas is kept constant)
Definition
pressure, volume, temperature (kelvins)
Term
when doing experiments you want to have only a single
Definition
variable
Term
pressure
Definition
the result of collisions of particles with sides of containers
Term
the more frequent and stronger the collisions of particles
Definition
the higher the pressure
Term
psi
Definition
pressure per unit area (pounds per square inch)
Term
Conversion factor from atm to mmHg
Definition
1 atm = 760 mmHg
Term
conversion factor from psi to atm
Definition
1 atm = 14.7 psi
Term
conversion factors from atm to torr
Definition
1 atm = 760 torr
Term
conversion factor atm to bars
Definition
1 atm = 1.01 bars
Term
conversion factor from kPal to atm
Definition
1 atm = 101 kPal
Term
is temperature the same thing as heat?
Definition
no
Term
heat is a form of
Definition
energy
Term
temperature can tell you the direction of
Definition
energy (heat) flow
Term
absolute zero
Definition
0 kelvin
Term
what happens at absolute zero?
Definition
all motion stops...particles have NO kinetic energy
Term
water freezing and boiling point (F)
Definition
32, 212
Term
water freezing and boiling point in celsius
Definition
0, 100
Term
water freezing and boiling point in kelvins
Definition
273.15, 373.15
Term
boyles law involves the relationship between
Definition
volume and pressure
Term
the higher the pressure
Definition
the lower the volume
Term
boyles equation
Definition
P1 V1 = P2 V2
Term
Charles law involves the relationship between
Definition
volume and temperature
Term
the higher the temperature
Definition
the higher the volume
Term
in charles law, what is constant
Definition
pressure
Term
law of gay-lussac involves the relationship between
Definition
temperature and pressure
Term
combined gas law
Definition
work when the amount of gas is fixed and the conditions are changed.
Term
avogadros law involves the relationship between
Definition
moles of gas and volume
Term
when pressure and temperature are constant
Definition
volume of a gas is directly proprtional to number of moles of gas
Term
STP
Definition
standard temperature and pressure zero degrees C (273.15k) and 1 atm (760 mmHg)
Term
standard molar volume
Definition
22.4l/mol
Term
avogadros law (equation)
Definition
PV=nRT
Term
A.L. P stands for
Definition
pressure in atmospheres
Term
A.L. V stands for
Definition
volume in liters
Term
A.L. T stands for
Definition
temperature in kelvins
Term
A.L. n stands for
Definition
number of moles
Term
A.L. R stands for
Definition
0.0821 L atm/mol k universal gas constant
Term
daltons law deals with
Definition
total and partial pressure
Term
partial pressures of individual components are additive because
Definition
the particles do not interact
Term
grahams law is the relationship between
Definition
diffusion rate and molecular weight
Term
heat energy units
Definition
joules or calories
Term
one calorie equals
Definition
4.138 Joules
Term
endothermic
Definition
heat taken in (melting, boiling, sublimation)
Term
exothermic
Definition
heat given off (freezing, condesation, deposition)
Term
describe the position and relationship of particles in liquid
Definition
they are in constant motion but are constantly in contact with other molecules
Term
when particles have enough energy
Definition
molecules can break free of others and go from the liquid to gas phase (overcome intermolecular forces)
Term
vapor
Definition
the gas molecules in equilibrium with a liquid
Term
in evaporation, the molecules disperse because
Definition
there is no closed container
Term
vapor pressure
Definition
the partial pressure of gas molecules in equilibrium with the liquid
Term
vapor pressure is dependant on what two factors?
Definition
identity of the liquid and teh temperature
Term
is vapor pressure a physical or chemical property?
Definition
physical
Term
what is the relationship between vapor pressure and intermolecular forces operating
Definition
they are inversly related
Term
the stronger the intermolecular forces the (blank) the vapor pressure
Definition
lower
Term
what happens when vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure what happens?
Definition
the liquid boils
Term
the boiling point is dependant on
Definition
atmospheric pressure
Term
melting point
Definition
temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid
Term
sublimation
Definition
solid changes directly into a gas withour going through the liquid phase
Term
problems involving temperature chage but no phase change need to take what into account?
Definition
specific heat
Term
specific heat
Definition
amounf of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance one degree
Term
Heat =
Definition
specific heat times mass times temp change
Term
units used for specific heat
Definition
joules per gram degrees celcius or calories per gram degrees celcius
Term
which has a higher specific heat, water or metal
Definition
water
Term
heat of fusion
Definition
quantity of head required to completely melt a substance once it has reached its melting point
Term
heat of vaporization
Definition
quantity of heat needed to vaporize a liquid once it has reached its boiling point
Term
when a substance is melting or boiling, the temperature
Definition
is constant
Term
when doing change of state problems, each step will be one of two teypes of problems:
Definition
specific heat or phase change
Term
Daltons law deals with
Definition
partial pressure
Term
partial pressures of individual components are additive because
Definition
the particles do not interact
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