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| The process in which specialized cells of the nervous system detect environmental stimuli and transduce their energy into receptor potentials. |
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| The conscious experience and interpretation of information from the senses. |
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| One of the perceptual dimensions of color; the dominant wavelength. |
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| One of the perceptual dimensions of; intensity. |
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| One of the perceptual dimensions of color; purify. |
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| A specialized neuron that detects a particular category of physical events. |
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| The process by which sensory stimuli are transduced into slow, graded receptor potentials. |
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| A slow, graded electrical potential produced by a receptor cell in response to a physical stimulus. |
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| The neural tissue and photo receptive cells located on the inner surface of the posterior portion of the eye. |
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| Changes in the thickness of the lens of the eye accomplished by the cilary muscles that focus images of near distant objects of the retina. |
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| One of the receptor cells of the retina sensitive to light of low intensity. |
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| One of the receptor cells of the retina; maximally sensitive to one of three different wavelengths of light and hence encodes color vision. |
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| One of the receptors cells of the retina; transduces photic energy into electrical potentials. |
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| The region of the retina that mediates the most acute vision of birds and higher mammals . Color-sensitive cones constitute the only type of photoreceptor found int he fovea. |
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| The location of the exit point from the retina of the fibers of the ganglion cells that form the optic nerve; responsible for the blind spot. |
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| A bipolar neuron located in the middle layer of the retina, conveying information from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells. |
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| A neuron located in the retina that receives visual information from bipolar cells; its axon gives rise to the optic nerve. |
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| A neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent photoreceptors and the outer processes of the bipolar cells. |
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| A neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent ganglion cells and the inner processes of the bipolar cells. |
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| A protein dye bonded to retinal a substance dervived from vitamin A; responsible for transduction of visual information. |
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| A layer of membrane containing photopigments found in rods and cones of the retina. |
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| A class of protein that, together with retinal, constitutes the photopigments. |
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| A chemical synthesized from vitamin A; joins with an opsin to form a photopigment. |
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| A particular opsin found in rods. |
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| That portion of the visual field in which the presentation of visual stimuli will produce an alteration in the firing rate of a particular neuron. |
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| The cooperative movement of the eyes, which ensures that the image of an object falls on identical portions of both retinas. |
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| The rapid, jerky movements of the eyes used in the scanning a visual scene. |
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| The movement that the eyes make to maintain an mage of a moving object on the fovea. |
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| Bundles of axons from retinal ganglion cells exit the eye and convey information to the lateral geniculate nucleus. |
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| Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) |
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Definition
| A group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus; receives inputs from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex. |
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| A cross-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland. |
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| The ability of a person who cannot see objects in his or her visual field to accurately reach for them while remaining unconscious of perceiving them; caused by damage to cortical regions involved in conscious perception of visual stimuli. |
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| The pathway of visual processing from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus to striate and extra striate cortical regions. |
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| Visual Association Cortex (V2) - Extrastriate Cortex |
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| A region of visual association cortex; receives fibers from the striate cortex and from the superior colliculi and projects to the inferior temporal cortex. |
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| One of the inner two layers of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; transmits information necessary for the perception of form, movement, depth, and small differences in brightness to the primary visual cortex. |
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| One of the four outer layers of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; transmits information necessary for perception of color and fine details to the primary visual cortex. |
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| One of the sublayers of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus found ventral to each of the magnocellular and parvolayers; transmits information from short-wavelength ("blue") cones to the primary visual cortex. |
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| Cytochrome Oxidase (CO) Blobs |
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| The central region of a module of the primary visual cortex, revealed by a stain for cytochrome oxidase; contains wavelength-sensitive neurons; part of the parvocellular system. |
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| A system of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of spatial location, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with hte posterior parietal cortex. |
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| A system of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of form, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the inferior temporal cortex. |
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| The highest level of the ventral stream of the visual association cortex; involved in perception of objects, including people's bodies and faces. |
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| Posterior Parietal Cortex |
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| The highest level of the dorsal stream of the visual association cortex; involved in perception of movement and spatial location. |
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| An inherited form of defective color vision in which red and green hues are confused: "red" cones are filled with "green" cone opsin. |
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| An inherited form of defective color vision in which red and green hues are confused: "green" cones are filled with "red" cone opsin. |
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| An inherited form of defective color vision in which hues with short wavelengths are confused: "blue" cones are either lacking or faulty. |
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| The relatively constant appearance of the colors of objects viewed under varying lighting conditions. |
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| A series of straight parallel bands varying continuously in brightness according to a sine-wave function, along a line perpendicular to their lengths. |
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| The relative width of the bands in a sine-wave grating, measured in cycles per degree of visual angle. |
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| Deficits in visual perception in the absence of blindness; caused by brain damage. |
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| Lateral Occipital Complex (LOC) |
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| A region of the extrastriate cortex, involved in perception of objects other than people's bodies and faces. |
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| Failure to recognize particular people by the sight of their faces. |
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| A region of the visual association cortex located in the inferior temporal; involved in perception of faces and other complex objects that require expertise to recognize. |
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| Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) |
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| A region of the visual association cortex located in the lateral occipitotemperal cortex; involved in perception of the human body and body parts other than faces. |
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| Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) |
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| A region of limbic cortex on the medial temporal lobe; involved in perception of particular places ("scenes") |
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| The fact that points on objects located at different distances from the observer will fall on slightly different locations on the two retinas; provides the basis for stereopsis. |
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| Intrapartietal Sulcus (IPS) |
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Definition
| The end of the dorsal stream of the visual cortex; involved in perception of location , visual attention, and control of eye and hand movements. |
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| The complex motion of points in the visual field caused by relative movement between the observer and environment; provides information about the relative distance of objects from the observer and of the relative direction of movement. |
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| Inability to perceive movement, caused by damage to area V5 (MST) of the visual association cortex. |
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