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| Basic Functions Of Bone and Skeletal System: |
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Definition
A.Support of soft tissue, es
especially muscles.
B.Protection of internal organs.
C.Movement assoc. with muscle action.
D.Mineral storage. |
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| production of blood cells in the Red bone marrow. |
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| the shaft of a bone (also called the Body) |
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| Articular (Hyaline) cartilage ‑ |
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| covers the ends of moveable bones |
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| fibrous membrane that covers the outer portion of a bone, tendons attach here, highly innervated |
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| Medullary (Marrow) cavity ‑ |
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| space inside bone that contains marrow |
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| the lining of the medullary cavity |
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| the region between the Epiphysis and Diaphysis in a mature bone(Epiphyseal plate) ‑ area that contains hyaline cartilage in growing bone, area that causes bone to elongate, becomes ossified (bone) in adults |
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| a stem cell (mesenchyme) that differentiates to become an Osteoblast |
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| cells that lay down collagen fibers and matrix to form bone |
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| mature osteoblast, "bone cells", maintain daily metabolic needs of bone tissue, sense the various stressors on bone |
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| bone dissolving cells that lead to reabsorption, develop from the fusion of several Monocytes |
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‑ mostly Hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate salt whichprovide much of the hardness of bone, also some calcium carbonate and other inorganic compounds
‑ organic portion is mostly collagen fibers which provide the basic frame work for a bone |
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Definition
densely packed bone containing few spaces
‑ usually located in the outer diaphysis of bones
‑ is arranged in units called Osteons (Haversian Systems) |
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Definition
1. Central (Haversian) Canal
2. Concentric lamellae
3. Lacunae
4. Canaliculi
5. Osteocytes ‑ bone cells
6. Perforating (Volkmann's) Canal
7. Interstitial lamellae |
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| Central (Haversian) Canal |
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| ‑ centrally located passageway that contains vessels andnerves |
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| ‑ concentric layers of calcified matrix that surround the Central Canal |
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| ‑ space that contains Osteocytes that are located between the lamellae |
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‑ "tiny canals"
‑ thin spaces that connect lacunae
‑ contain then processes that project from Osteocytes to allow for dispersion of nutrients and intercellular communication between these cells |
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| Perforating (Volkmann's) Canal |
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Definition
‑ passage ways that contain vessel and nerves
‑ these connect Osteons (and also run between the Periosteum and Osteons) |
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‑ located between Osteons
‑ fragments of older Osteons |
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‑ loosely packed bone, usually found inside of the epiphysis
‑ arranged in Trabeculae which is an irregular lattice of thin bone, Trabeculae form along lines of stress
‑ contains many spaces that are filled with bone marrow |
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| Ossification or Osteogenesis = |
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Definition
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| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
‑ produces flat bones, ex. skull, clavicle, bones ofskull
‑ mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts tocreate centers of ossification, new bone is laid down around these centers |
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| Endochondral ossification |
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Definition
‑ produces most bones
‑ hyaline cartilage matrix is laid down initially, then ossification occurs replacing this cartilage |
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Definition
‑ growth in length
‑ the diaphysis elongates at the Epiphyseal plates which is made of Hyaline Cartilage p. 172
‑ the Epiphyseal plate eventually becomes bone (ex.metaphysis) |
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‑ growth in thickness
‑ Osteoblasts lay down new bone on the outer surface of a pre‑existing bone
‑ the Medullary cavity is enlarged by the activity of Osteoclasts |
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Definition
| = The change of the size and shape of bones to accommodate the changing forces applied to the skeleton |
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| Resorption (Reabsorption) ‑ |
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| destruction of the existing matrix so the raw materials can be reused, assoc. with Osteoclastic activity |
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= any break in a bone (a disruption in the continuity ofa bone)
‑ there are various types of fractures based on their location, degree of damage, forces involved, |
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| Steps involved with fracture repair. |
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Definition
a. Formation of a Hematoma (clot) around the fracture site.
b. Formation of a Fibrocartilage Callus.
c. Bony Callus Forms
d. Bony Callus Remodels |
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| Formation of a Hematoma (clot) around the fracture site. |
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Definition
(1) Capillaries grow into the clot.
(2) Phagocytes and osteoclasts move into the area to resorb debris and bone fragments |
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| Formation of a Fibrocartilage Callus. |
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Definition
(1) Fibroblasts move into the area and begin laying down collagen fibers.
(2) Osteogenic cells also move into the area. These cells develop into chondrocytes and begin to lay down the fibrocartilage which forms the callus. (Callus = a mass of repair tissue surrounding the fracture site) |
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| (1) Osteoblasts form and begin laying down spongy bone, replacing the fibrocartilage. |
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| (1) Cortex becomes compact bone. |
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| Normal range of blood calcium = |
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| low blood calcium, muscle is unable to relax, tetany |
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| high blood calcium, nerves and muscles are slow to respond; weakness, sluggish reflexes, poss. cardiac arrest |
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‑ a form of vitamin D, is stimulated by absorption of UV light
‑ this hormone raises blood calcium by:
a. Increasing absorption in the Small Intestine.
b. Stimulates calcium removal from bones (Osteoclast).
c. Causing the Kidney to retain calcium in the blood. |
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Definition
‑ released by the Thyroid gland
‑ this hormone lowers calcium level in the blood by:
a. Inhibiting Osteoclast.
b. Stimulate Osteoblast (places calcium into bone). |
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| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
‑ released by the Parathyroid glands
‑ this hormone raises the blood calcium level by:
a. Stimulating Osteoclast.
b. Causing the Kidneys to retain calcium in the blood.
c. Stimulates the production of Calcitriol.
d. Decreases Osteoblast activity. |
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Definition
‑ Loss of bone mass, making them more susceptible to fracture. Associated with aging.
‑ Calcium absorption in the Small Intestine increases withage. Also, protein synthesis decreases which reduces collagen fiber production. In addition with the normal decrease in hormones, bone tissue decreases in density asone ages. |
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= Degenerative Joint Disease (D.J.D)
‑ the most common type of Arthritis ("Joint Inflammation")
‑ a progressive degeneration of synovial joints associatedwith the normal "wear and tear" on joints
‑ this process is accelerated by injury to joints |
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| - made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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- produce the water insoluble protein keratin whichhardens structures
- Approx. 90% of Epidermal cells |
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- produce melanin, a brown/black pigment which absorbs UVlight and is the primary skin pigment
- Approx. 8% of Epidermal cells |
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- produced in the bone marrow
- help provide immunity to the epidermis |
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