Term
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Definition
| visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses |
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Term
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Definition
| ratio of an object's image size to its real size |
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Definition
| measure of the clarity of the image; min distance two points can be seperated and still be distinguished as two points |
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Definition
| accentuates differences in parts of the sample |
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Definition
| membrane-enclosed compartments that are too small to be resolved by the light microscope |
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Definition
| focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or into its surface |
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Definition
| refers to the cellular anatomy revealed by an electron microscope |
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Term
| scanning electron microscope (SEM) |
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Definition
| useful for detailed study of the surface of a specimen |
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Term
| transmission electron microscope (TEM) |
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Definition
used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells
-disadvantage of electron microscropes is that the methods used to prepare the specimen kill the cells |
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Definition
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Definition
| study of the molecules and chemical processes (metabolism) of cells |
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Definition
| takes cells apart and seperates the major organelles & other subcellular structures from one another |
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Definition
| instrument used for cell fractionation; spins test tubes holding mixtures of disrupted cells at various speeds |
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Definition
| semi-fluid, jelly like substance enclosed by the membrane in which organelles and other components are found |
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Definition
| carry genes in the form of DNA |
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Definition
| tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes |
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Definition
| DNA is found in the nucleus; bound by a double membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA concentrated in the nucleiod (not membrane enclosed) |
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Term
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Definition
| functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell |
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Definition
| double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous w/ ER |
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Definition
| nonmembranous organelle involved in production of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell |
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Term
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| network of membranes sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough and smooth regions |
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Term
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Definition
| locomotion organelle present in some animal cells; composed of a cluster of microtubules w/in an extension of the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| region where the cell's microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles (fxn unknown) |
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Term
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Definition
reinforces cell's shape, fxns in cell movement; components are made of protein
-microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| projections that increase the cell's surface area |
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Definition
| organelle w/ various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to water |
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Definition
| organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP's generated |
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Definition
| digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolized; membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal uses to digest macromolecules |
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Definition
| organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and seperation of cell products |
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Definition
| complexes (small brown dots) that make proteins; free in cytosol or bonded to rough ER or nuclear envelope |
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Definition
| membrane enclosing the cell |
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Definition
| outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and proteins |
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Definition
| channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells |
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Definition
| photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to energy stored in sugar molecules |
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Definition
| prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules, enlargement of vacuole (major mechanism of plant growth) |
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Term
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Definition
| intricate structure of protein that lines each pore and plays an important role in the cell by regulating the entry and exit of proteins, RNA, and large complexes of macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope |
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Term
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Definition
carries out a variety of tasks in the cell; synthesis of proteins, metabolism/ movement of lipids, detoxification of poisons, etc
-includes nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detox of drugs or poison, storage of Calcium ions |
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Term
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Definition
| secretion of proteins through ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| secretory proteins that have carbs covalently bonded to them |
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Definition
| located near ER: receiving side |
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Definition
| gives rise to vesicles; shipping side |
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Definition
| eat by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles |
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Term
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Definition
| lysosomes use their hydrolotic enzymes to recycle the cell's own organic material |
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Definition
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Definition
| pump excess water out of cell |
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Term
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Definition
network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm
-gives mechanical support to the cell and maintains its shape |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the cell location and more limited movements of parts of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| support, intracellular support, and organization |
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Term
| microfilaments/ actin filaments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
eukaryotic cell organelle w/ 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets
-structurally similar to centriole |
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Term
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Definition
| large motor protein that is responsible for bending moments of organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| globular protein that builds microfilaments |
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Term
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Definition
| semi-solid consistency of gel in the cytoplasmic layer of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| acts as a microfilament- based motor protein by means of projections that "walk" along the actin filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| extend and contract through the reversible assembly of actin subunits into microfilaments and of microfilaments into networks that convert cytoplasm from a sol to a gel |
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Term
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Definition
| circular flow of cytoplasm w/in cells |
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Definition
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Definition
| thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins |
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Term
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Definition
| strong and durable matrix that offers the cell protection and support |
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Term
| extracellular matrix (ECM) |
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Definition
| glycoproteins secreted by the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM that forms strong fibers outside the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| small core protein w/ many carbohydrate chains covalently attached |
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Term
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Definition
| ECM protein that binds to cell surface receptor proteins called integrins |
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Term
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Definition
| transmit signals between ECM + cytoskeleton; built into the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| channels that perforate cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed against each other; bond together by specific proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| function like rivets; fastening cells together into strong sheets |
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Term
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Definition
| provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell and in this way are similar in their function to the plasmodesmota in plants |
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