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Definition
| The need or desire to _____ can distort the accuracy of information we receive secondhand, and thus bias some of the most important information upon which we base our beliefs. |
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| Because communication is a reciprocal process, it is not surprising that many of the needs and goals of the ______ are complementary. |
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| What the speaker construes as the gist of the message is emphasized. |
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| Details thought to be less essential are de-emphasized. |
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| person, surrounding context and circumstances |
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Definition
| Secondhand information about the _____ tends to be sharpened, whereas information about the ______ tends to be leveled. |
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Definition
As these accounts are continually retold, we get further away from the source and whatever ____ have been introduced stand little chance of ever being corrected.
[ex: Pennsylvania Dutch] |
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Definition
| If the listener comes away from the communication either _______, the interaction has been worthy of his or her time and attention, and the speaker has met of of his most basic requirements. |
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| Preconditions for a good story |
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Definition
| The message should be understandable, and yet not be laden with too many needles details. It should be worthwhile for the listener and get the speaker's message across. |
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Definition
| One way that a message can be made to be more entertaining or mrs seemingly-informative is to increase its _______. |
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Definition
| The net effect of this exaggerated immediacy is that it is difficult for the listener to accurately gauge the _______ of the message. |
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Definition
| The need to entertain or inform can tempt a speaker to communicate something other than _______ as he or she knows it. |
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Definition
| The desire to be informative can also lead people to ______ to make sure the audience gets the point. |
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Definition
Sometimes people knowingly provide misinformation in the service of what they believe to be _________.
[ex: Warning children about getting in the car with strangers] |
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Definition
| The possibility of inaccuracy obviously increases enormously when the wroth of the message is measured by how well it ______ rather than how well it _________. |
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Definition
| The ________ is certainly one of the most significant sources of distortion and exaggeration in everyday communication. |
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Definition
| The desire to entertain often creates a conflict of the speaker between the goal of ______ and the goal of ______. |
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Definition
the desire to entertain can also lead a speaker to take liberties with the facts _______ on the part of the listener.
[ex: news and other media organizations] |
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Definition
| Telling an entertaining story also accomplishes another common communicative goal: It promotes the speaker's _______. |
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| Ideological or theoretical ax to grind |
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Definition
One motive to distort the facts stems from the fact that people frequently have some ______.
[ex: dangers of marijuana and cocaine] |
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Definition
| Inaccurate or fictitious stories are told and retold because they just seem so _______. |
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Definition
Sometimes all that is necessary is a sense of _____.
[ex: Bobby McFerrin's Suicide] |
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Definition
| The most common type of story that is accepted and spread because of its plausibility is one that is also ______ and not particularly _______. |
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| Those who study human judgment and decision-making urge us to give less weight to our own impressions and to assign more weight to the _____, or general background statistics |
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Definition
| It can be extremely difficult to get a truly ____ estimate of the relevant base data |
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| "base rate" and personal experience |
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Definition
| Conflict between _______ should temper our judgments and beliefs. |
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Term
- Consider the Source
- Trust Facts, Distrust Projections
- Be on the Lookout for Sharpening and Leveling
- Be wary of Testimonials |
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Definition
| Guidelines for how one should evaluate secondhand claims reported in the media |
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Definition
| One of the most important things to consider is the _______ of the message. |
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| projections of the future |
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Definition
| We should give more weight to statements of fact by experts, and less credence to their _____. |
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Definition
| Scientific predictions are almost always given as a range or ______. |
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Definition
| Be aware that any statement in the form ______ means that an extreme end of a confidence interval has been sharpened and presented for our attention. |
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Definition
| Any testimonial, no matter how moving, represents the experience of ________. |
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