Term
|
Definition
-smallest "building blocks of all multicelluar organisms
-enclosed by a surface membrane that separates them from their environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized structures with the cell; many are membrane bound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.have basic structural and molecular similarities
2.similar energy conversion reactions
3.maintain and transfer genetic info in DNA
4.genetic code is essentially universal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds cells and separates their contents from the external environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electron passes through sample; need very thin samples;samples embedded in plastic and sliced with a diamond knife |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| samples are gold-plated; electrons interact with the surface; images have a 3-D appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have internal membranes and a distinct nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
do not have internal membranes thus no nuclear membrane
1. main DNA molecule (chromosome) is circular
2. other small DNA molecules (plasmids) are often present
3.plasma membrane is enclosed in a cell wall that is often covered with a capsule (layer of proteins/sugars)
4. do not completly lack organelles; the plasma membrane and ribosomes are both present and are considered organelles
5.AKA bacteria, considerably smaller |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything outside the nucleus and within the plasma membrane, contains cytosol and organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything within the nuclear membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The "control center" of the cell
-Typically large |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double membrane surrounding the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein complexes that cross both membranes and regulate passage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-DNA-protein complex
1.have granular appearance; easily stained
2."unpacked" DNA kept ready for message transcription and DNA replication
3.proteins protect DNA and help maintain structure and function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condensed or packed DNA ready for cell division ("some"= body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-regions of ribosome subunit assembly
-rRNA transcribed from DNA here
-proteins join with rRNA here to form ribosome subunits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sites of protein synthesis
-granular bodies with 3 RNA strands and about 75 associated proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane network that winds through the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary site of lipid synthesis, many deoxification reactions, and sometimes other activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ribosomes that attach there insert proteins into the ER lumen as they are synthesized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-small, membrane-bound sacs
1.bids off of an organelle (ER or other)
2.fuses with membranes, delivering contents to that organelle or outside of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -a stack of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae) where proteins further processed, modified and sorted (post office of the cell) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-small membrane bound sacs of digestive enzymes
1.serves to confine the digestive enzymes and their actions
2.allows maintence of a better pH for digestion (often around 5)
3.used to degrade ingested material
4. found in animals and protozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large membrane-bound sacs that perform diverse roles; have no internal structure
1. distinguished from vesicles by size
2. in plants, algae, and fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
typically a single, large sac in plant cells that can be 90% of the cell volume
1. formed from fusion of many small vacuoles in immature plant cells
2.storage sites for water,food,salts, pigments, and metabolic wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| present in most protozoa and some animal cells; usually bud from plasma membrane and fuse with lysosomes for digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used by many protozoa for removing excess water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sites of many metabolic reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide, which is toxic to the cell
-have enzymes to break down H2O2, protecting the cell
-abundant in liver cells in animals and leafe cells in plants
-normally found in all eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-site of aerobic respiration
-energy from aerobic respiration stored in ATP
-double membrane
-have their own DNA inherited from mother only
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organelles of plants and algae that produce and store food
-have their own DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have a double membrane
-used for photosynthesis
-gets its color from cholorophyll |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide+water+light energy-->food(gluclose)+oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dense network of protein fibers that provides needed structural support
-other functions include:
1.scaffolding for organelles
2.cell movement and cell division
3.transport of materials within the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thickest filaments of the cytoskeleton
-hollow-rod shaped cylinders about 25 nm in diameter
-involved in moving organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-solid filaments about 7 nm in diameter
composed of 2 entwined chains of actin monomers
-important in muscle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a bit wider, catch all group composed of a variety of proteins
-not easily dissassembled
-prominent in cells that withstand mechanical stress
-form the most insoluble part of the cell |
|
|
