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| theory that explains how social controls can systematically weaken, and minor acts of deviance can spiral into severe crime and social decay |
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| theories of crime that rest on a larger structural analysis of inequalities based on class, race, or gender for their explanation of crime |
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| white-collar crimes such as credit card fraud |
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| argues that people are rational so they decide whether or not to engage in an act by weighing the potential outcome |
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any act that violates a formal normative code that has been enacted by a legally
constituted body |
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| the use of the Internet and World Wide Web to commit crime |
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| breaking a social rule, or refusing to follow one |
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suggests that deviance is a matter of rewards and punishments;
deviance occurs when an individual receives more prestige and less punishment by
violating norms rather than following them |
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| routine, usually unspoken conventions of behavior |
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| a criminal act by an offender motivated by bias against race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or disability status |
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| understands deviance to be a process, not a categorical difference between the deviant and the non-deviant. The label depends on the groups’ relative amount of power |
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| norms with a strong moral significance |
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| white-collar crime in which criminals use their professional position to secure something of value for themselves or the corporation |
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| theory holding that those who have many opportunities—and good ones at that—will be more likely to commit crimes than those with few good opportunities |
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white-collar crime in which criminals commit illegal actions in
accordance with the operative goals of an organization |
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| the first time someone breaks a norm; these acts provoke very little reaction and therefore have little effect on your self-concept |
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| offenses like burglary or motor vehicle theft, where the object is the taking of money or property but there is no force or threat of force against the victims |
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| : repeatedly breaking a norm; seen as a permanent personality trait rather than a momentary lapse, and leads to a deviant identity |
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| forces that lead us to follow social norms. Includes outer controls (people who influence us into following social rules) and inner controls (internalized socialization, etc.) |
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| an attribute that changes you, in Erving Goffman’s language, “from a whole and usual person to a tainted and discounted one” |
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| a theory to explain crime; when a society promotes certain goals but provides unequal means of acquiring them, the result is anomie, a conflict between accepted norms and social reality. People may respond to this strain by being conformists, innovators, ritualists, rebels, or retreatists |
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| a group that evolves within a dominant culture, always more or less hidden and closed to outsiders |
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| a subset of mores; prohibitions viewed as essential to the well-being of humanity |
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| a group formerly labeled as deviant attempts to redefine their acts, attributes, or identities as normal, even virtuous |
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| according to the FBI’s definitions, murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault |
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| the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf. Includes occupational crime, in which the criminals use their professional position to illegally secure something of value for themselves or the corporation; consumer crimes, such as credit-card fraud; and organizational crime, which are illegal actions committed in accordance with the operative goals of an organization, such as stock manipulation |
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| major scholar of labeling theory |
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| classical sociologist who argued that deviance is functional for society |
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| sociologist whose work discusses stigma and ways people can neutralize its effects on their identities |
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| main theorist behind control theory |
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| creator of the theory of differential association |
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