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| A steep sided valley that are inlets of the sea. Where vikings settled villages |
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| Exclude a person from church membership |
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| People sent out to teach the religion |
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| An agreement between the pope and the ruler of the country |
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| France's first parliament |
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| A noble who served a lord of higher rank |
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| Some vassals or warriors in armor who fought in armor on horseback. |
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| Most peasants were these. THey could not leave the manor, own property or marry without the lord's approval. |
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| Craftspeople organized business groups |
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| Decided whether people should be accused of a crime |
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| Decided if the accused was guilty |
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| Shortened version of caesar. In Russian, it means "emperor." |
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| Religious belief that conflicts with the church's beliefs |
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| intense study of religion or god |
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| Reconquest--The struggle to take back the iberian peninsula from the Muslims |
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| Most powerful of the mayors. Wanted to unite all the Frankish nobles. |
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| Charles the Great. The new roman Emperor. |
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| Was elected pope. He wanted to stop nobles from interfering. |
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| Holy Roman Emperor. Refused to obey Gregory. Was excommunicated |
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| William the Conqueror & Norman Invasion |
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| William defeated Harold at the battle of Hastings, was crowned and became known as William the Conqueror. |
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| Henry's son, punished his enemies. |
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| Muslim who became ruler of Egypt |
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| Agreed to a truce with Saladin |
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| Founded first order of the friars. |
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| Headed a convent in Jerusalem. Wrote music for the Catholic church |
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| Charles, ruler of the south of France wanted to take back the North. Joan told him her favorite saints had persuaded her to free the French. Her passion persuaded the king to let her go to Orleans with the army. Convicted of heresy and burned at the stake. |
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| Isabella of Capistola married Prince Ferdinand of Aragon, within ten years they became king and queen and joined their land into one country, Spain. |
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| English kings claimed a right to the land. 1337 Declared himself king of France. Angered the French even more. War began, lasting over 100 years. |
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| A civil war known as the Wars of the Roses broke out amongst the noble families. The winner became Henry Tudor became King Henry VII. |
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| In A.D. 700 and A.D. 800's, the Vikings began raiding Europe. Viking comes from the word for "raiding" |
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| The city in Northern France where Joan of arc's faith stirred the french soldier and they took this city |
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| Where the vikings came from. |
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| Otto I, one of the stronger kings of Germany sent armies to protect the pope. Pope declared him Emperor and the territories of Germany & Northern Italy became known as the Holy Roman Empire. |
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| First major battle of the Hundred Years' war took place here after Edward invaded France |
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| Medieval Cities: They grew as trade increased with the Byzantine Empire, making Venice center of mediterranean trade. Flanders became center for wool & cloth in Europe. |
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| First Universities made to educate and train scholars and for advancement of knowledge. Carried of grain, animals, and anything of value. Conquered Normandy. Weakened the Holy Roman Empire. |
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| Olag created a Rus state around the city of Kiev called the Kievan Rus. it was really a group of small territories. Its growth attracted missionaries from the Byzantine empire, leading to the king's marriage to the Byzantine Emperor's sister, and conversion to Eastern Orthodox. |
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| Romanesque & Gothic Cathedrals |
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| Gothic church has ribbed vaults & pointed arches. They have gargoyles, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, and thin walls to help make them taller. The Romanesque has rounded ceilings called barrel vaults, thick pillars, and small windows that let in light through thick walls. |
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| Hundred Years' War-Why was it fought? Who won? |
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| King Edward III declared himself the king of France. England wins the early battles, but |
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| Black Death--What was it and how did it impact Europe? |
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| Disease that spread quickly and killed many. Thought to be the bubonic plague. Carried by fleas on rats. Came from Gobi desert and expanded with trade with Mongols along the Silk Road. Killed one out of every two people. Trade declined, wages rose sharply because there were so few workers. Food prices fell. Landlords had to pay workers more and charge lower rents. This freed some from being serfs. Weakened the feudal system. |
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| It was created to put an end to heresy. People that committed heresy were told to confess and ask forgiveness. Catholic church court. |
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| Dominicans--were friars. Their goal was to defend the church's faith. Spent years in study to be able to defend their faith when teaching to well educated people. |
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| What were the roles/status of women in the Middle Ages? |
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| Women rand the household, raised children, managed family money, and sometimes helped husband with his trade. |
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| Which crusades succeeded? Which failed? |
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| The first was the only one to succeed. The other four and Children's crusade all failed. Goal was to take back Jerusalem. |
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| What was the Magna Carta, and what impact did it have? |
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| Established the idea that people have rights and that the power of the government should be limited. |
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What was feudalism?
Why did it develop?
What led to its decline? |
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Shift of power from kings to nobles. Landowning nobles governed and protected people in return for services, such as fighting and farming.
When kings needed armies to fight Muslims or other Nobles, they granted land to nobles willing to fight for them. As more and more nobles gained land, they gained political power as well.
Declined due to the Crusades and the Plague, which made workers in more demand. |
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| What are the main parts of a castle and what are their functions? |
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Keep--Central building where Noble lived.
Motte--Castle is located on a hill, called the "motte"
Bailey--Flat open area where homes, stables, or workshops were. |
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| Franciscans--Friars. Francis of Assisi founded first order. Served the poor and as missionaries. Lived in towns and taught Christianity to people. |
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| Cistercians--Were monks that farmed land and worshipped. Developed new farming techniques and advised the pope to protect the poor. Helped the Europeans grow more crops. |
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