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| The process in which our nerves & senses (sensory receptors) represent stimulus energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals |
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| Process of organizing and interpreting sensory info. enabling us to recognize familiar objects and events. |
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| study of relations between physical stimulus and how we experience them psychologically. |
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| Analysis begins with senses you notice the physical structure: lines, shapes, etc. |
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| Info processing that draws on experiences and expectations. |
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| minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time |
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| Theory predicting how and when we will detect a weak stimulus amid background stimulation (noise). A person's experience, expectations, motivation and fatigue all influence this. |
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| Below one's absolute conscious awareness: below threshold |
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| activation -unconscious- of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory or response. |
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| minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time: aka just noticeable difference |
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| principle that to be percieved as different two stimuli must differ by a minimum percentage (rather than amount) |
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| Diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. |
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| conversion of one form of energy into another. For ex. in sensation the transformation of sights, sounds and smells (stimulus energy) into neural impulses our brain can interpret. |
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| distance from the peak of one light or sound to the peak of the next. |
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| dimension of color that is determined by wave length of light. |
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| amount of energy in a light or soundwave, determined by amplitude and influences the brightness or loudness |
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| Adjustable opening in the center of the eye in which light passes through |
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| Ring of colorful muscle tissue that adjusts the pupils size according to light intake. |
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| transparent structure that changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
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| Where light enters: has light sensitive inner tissue containing receptor rods, cones and layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual info |
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| the process of eye lense changing shape to focus the near or far objects on the retina. |
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| receptors that detect black, white and gray, necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don't respond (in faint light) |
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| retina receptors that function in day light or well-lit conditions. the cones detect fine detail and color. |
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| 1. light entering eye triggers photo chemical reaction in rods and cones at the back of the retina. 2. Chemical reaction activates bipolar cells. 3. Bipolar cells then activate the ganglion cells (the axons which converge to form the optic nerve) This nerve transmits info to the visual cortex of the brain. |
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| Why do animals (cats) see better in the dark? |
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| 1. a cat's pupil can open much wider than yours. 2. a cat has a higher proportion of rods (light sensitive) But can't see detail nor colors as well as you do |
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| nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features such as shape angle or movement |
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| step by step: not simutaneously |
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| Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously: brains natural mode of info processing for many functions including vision. |
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| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory |
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| theory that retina contains three color receptors: PRIMARY COLORS except green instead of yellow. |
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| Hering's theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. |
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| Having two types of functioning color receptors |
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| Number of complete wave lengths that pass a point in a given time (for example per second) LENGTH of waves |
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| a tone's experienced highness or lowness depending on the frequency |
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| Strength of them which determines their loudness |
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| Low frequency (length) and low pitch |
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| high frequency (length) high pitch (loudness) |
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| The theory says we hear different pitches b/c different sound waves trigger activity at different places on the cochlea's membrane |
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| Theory proposes that frequency of neural impulses sent to the brain at the same frequency as sound waves allows the perception of different pitches |
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| hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
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| Sensorineural hearing loss |
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| aka nerve deafness, hearing loss caused by damage to the auditory nerves. From being around jets or loud sounds |
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| system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts |
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| sense that monitors the movement and position of head and thus body, including the sense of balance |
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| one sense influencing another, the smell of a food influencing the taste |
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| Perceptual disorder in which a person has lost the ability to recognize familiar faces |
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| height, strength and energy |
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| We group nearby figures together. We see three sets of two lines not six seperate lines. One of gestalt's rules |
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| We group similar figures together. We see 4 circles 4 triangles and 4 squares, not a bunch of random shapes. one of gestalt's rules |
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| We see smooth continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. One of Gestalt's rules |
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| If something is linked we will see it as a single unit |
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| Gestalt groups principles |
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| continuity, connectedness, proximity, similarity and closure |
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| the organization of seeing objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) |
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| the ability to see objects in 3-D although the images that strike the Retina are 2D allow us to judge distance |
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| A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals |
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| any depth cue that requires BOTH eyes such as retinal disparity |
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| difference between what you see in your right and left eye. the greater the disparity (distance) the closer the object is to you |
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| Any depth cues that requires one eye. allows us to tell looking straight how far away something is. Depth cue such as Interposition and liner perspective. |
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| Melzack and Wall's theory of pain which proposes that their is a neurological gate in the spinal cord that chooses to block pain or let it through |
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| sensation of pain in an amputated limb |
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| pain experienced by people with ringing in he ears sensatiom |
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| When we see a speaker saying one syllable but hear another |
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| Direct link between the brain area that receives info. from the nose and the limbic centers associated with memory and emotion |
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| Apparent motion experienced when the object appears to undergo a change in its location |
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| The illusion of movement using blinking lights |
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| Axons which converge to form the optic nerve which carries visual info. to the brain. |
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| Recognize objects as unchanging (consistent size, shape, size, lightness and color) despite the different lighting, color, angle, etc |
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| Seeing objects as being the same size even as our distance from them changes. ie. a six foot door is still six feet whether were beside it or a hundred feet away |
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| Seeing familiar objects as having consistent color even if changing light alters the wave lengths reflected on the object |
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| Concepts formed by experience |
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| Extrasensory Perception (ESP) |
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| Controversial claim to have perception beyond sensory input. Aka having a fifth sense, telepathy, psychics (precognition), clairvoyance (sense when friend is in danger), and psychokinesis (levitate objects) |
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| Study of paranormal activity |
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| Knowledge comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences |
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| We perceive the world by experiencing it |
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| Adapting to a distorted perception, such as wearing glasses that shift your visual field and beer goggles. Animals can't adapt to this |
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| Mental predisposition (past experiences) that influences perception |
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| Humans Factors Psychologists |
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| Psychologists that study the importance of considering human factors (perceptual principles) in the design of machines, appliances and work settings |
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| Principle that for higher pitches the cells alternate their firing to match the sound's frequency |
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| Central focal point in retina where rods are highly concentrated |
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| when hearing aids amplify soft sounds but not loud sounds |
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| neutral facial expression perceived as sad at a funeral than at a circus |
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| When one object blocks the view of another and we perceive it as closer |
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