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Chapter 6
Behaviorist and Learning Aspects of Personality
24
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/15/2009

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Term
Partial Reinforcement
Definition
a reward that occurs after some, but not all, occurrences of a behavior
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
The concept that after the repeated pairing of an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response and a neutral stimulus, the previously neutral stimulus can come to elicit the same resonse as the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Generalization
Definition
the tendency for similar stimuli to evoke the same response. ex little boy fears all furry animals.
Term
Discrimination
Definition
the concept that a conditioned responsed will not occur for all possible stimuli, indicating that an animal can learn to tell the diff between diff stimuli
Term
Extinction
Definition
Process by which the frequency of the organisms producing a response gradually decreases when the response behavior is no long followed by the reinforcement
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
JOHN WATSON:the learning approach to psy introduced by Watson that emphasizes the study of observable behavior
Term
Systematic Desensitazation
Definition
gradually extinguishing a phobia by causing the feared stimulus to become dissociated from the fear response
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
an event that strengthens a behavior and increases the likelihood of repeating the behavior in the future
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
EDWARD THORNDIKE: concept that the consequence of a behavior will either stregthen or weaken the behavior. that is, when a response follows a stimulus and results in satisfaction for the organism, this strenghtens the connection between stimulus and response. however, if the response results in discomfort or pain, the connection is weakened
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
the changing of a behavior by manipulating its consequences
Term
Shaping
Definition
the process in which undifferentiated operant behaviors are gradually changed or chaped into a desired behavior pattern by the reinforcement of successive approximations, so that the behavior more and more resembles the target behavior.
Term
Skinner Box
Definition
An enclosure in which an experimenter can shape the behavior of an animal by controlling reinforcement and accurately measuring the responses of the animal
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
An aversive event that ends if a behavior is performed, making it more likely for that behavior to be performed in the future.
Term
SKINNER:Radical Determinism
Definition
The belief that all human behavior is caused and that humans have no free will
Term
Habits
Definition
in learning theory, simple associations between a stimulus and a response
Term
Primary Drive
Definition
a fundamental innate motivator of behavior, specifically hunger, thirst, sex, or pain.
Term
Social Learning Theory
Definition
A theory that proposes that habitsi are built up in terms of a hierarchy of secondary drives
Term
Habit Hierarchy
Definition
in social learning theory, a learned hierarchy of likelihoods that a person will produce particular responses in particular situations
Term
Secondary Dries
Definition
In social learning theory, drives that are learned by association with the satisfaction of primary drives
Term
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Definition
DOLLARD AND MILLER: a term used by Dollard/Miller to describe a conflict between primary and secondary drives that occurs when a punishment results in the conditioning of a fear response to a drive
exampe sex. individual drawn to and away from a sexual object, resulting in anxiety and neurotic behavior.
Term
Approach-Approach Conflict
Definition
DOLLARD/MILLER: describes a conflict in which a person is drawn to TWO equally attractive choices. ex) rat attracted to two awesome pieces of cheese.
Term
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
Definition
DOLLARD/MILLER: describes conflict in which a person is faced with TWO equally undesirable choices
ex) rat doesnt want either but still hungry- neurotic.
Term
Act Frequency Approach
Definition
Assesing personality by examining the frequency with which a person performs certain observable actions
Term
Reinforcement Schedule
Definition
frequency and the interval of reinforcement. may be based on time or responses. variable reinforcement increases RESISTANCE OF THE BEHAVIOR TO EXTINCTION example, superstitious behavior might only occasionally reinforced but wicked hard to eliminate.
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