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| Programs designed to increase minority participation in some institutions (business, school, labor union, or government agency) by taking positive steps to appoint more minority-group members. |
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| Opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment. |
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| The rights of people to be treated without unreasonable or unconstitutional differences. |
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| Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement. |
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| Racial segregation that is required by law. |
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| Giving people an equal chance to succeed. |
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| Making certain that people achieve the same result. |
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| A slang expression for the laws and practices that kept African Americans in segregated or subordinated positions. |
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| Authority of state governments to secure the safety, comfort, health and morals of their citizens. |
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| Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people. |
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| The doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities. |
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| A Supreme Court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal. |
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| Classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity. |
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