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Chapter 6
The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
60
Medical
Undergraduate 2
09/27/2011

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Term
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Definition

(AIDS) 

the most advanced, and fatal, stage of an HIV infection

Term
allergen
Definition
substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual
Term
anaphylaxis
Definition

AKA "systemic reaction" or "anaphylactic shock"

severe response to an allergen; without medical aid patient could die in minutes

Term
antibiotic
Definition
medications that are capable of inhibiting growth, or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms
Term
antibody
Definition
disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
Term
antifungal
Definition

agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi

ex. Lotrimin treats athlete's foot

Term
antigen
Definition
any substance that the body regards as being foreign, and includes viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues. The immune system immediately responds to the presence of any antigen
Term
antigen-antibody reaction
Definition

AKA "immune reaction"

Involves binding antigens to antibodies. This reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized, and destroyed, by other cells of the immune system

Term
autoimmune disorder
Definition
any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues
Term
bacilli
Definition
rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria
Term
bacteria
Definition
one-celled microscopic organisms
Term
carcinoma
Definition

malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

-Tend to infiltrate and produce metastases that can affect any organ or part of the body

Term
carcinoma in situ
Definition
a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues
Term
complement
Definition
group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form and are activated by contact with nonspecific antigens such as foreign blood cells or bacteria. Complement then marks these foreign invaders and attracts phagocytes to destroy these antigens
Term
cytomegalovirus
Definition

(CMV) member of the herpesvirus family that cause a variety of diseases

-Can be found in most bodily fluids and can be present as a silent infection

-Potentially cause a serious illness when the individual has a weakened immune system

-Can be transmitted from mother to unborn child and cause serious congenital disabilities

Term
cytotoxic drug
Definition

a medication that kills or damages cells

used as immunosuppressants or as antineoplastics

Term
ductal carcinoma in situ
Definition

breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct

(100% cure rate at this stage)

Term
hemolytic
Definition
function of destroying worn-out red blood cells and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse
Term
herpes zoster
Definition

AKA "shingles"

An acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve

-Same virus as chicken pox, but later in life

Term
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Definition
Distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
Term
human immunodeficiency virus
Definition
(HIV) bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kills the cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections
Term
immunodeficiency disorder
Definition
occurs when the immune reponse is weakened, reduced, absent, or not functioning properly
Term
immunoglobulins
Definition
bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response
Term
immunosuppressant
Definition

a substance that prevents or reduces the body's normal immune response

-Administered to prevent the rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders

Term
immunotherapy
Definition
disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response
Term
infectious mononucleosis
Definition

caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

-characterized by a fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes, swelling of the spleen or liver involvement can also develop

Term
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
Definition
Starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades the fatty breast tissue
Term
interferon
Definition
family of proteins produced by the T cells whose specialty is fighting viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication
Term
lymphadenitis
Definition

AKA "swollen glands"

Inflammation of the lymph nodes

Term
lymphadenopathy
Definition
Any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes
Term
lymphangioma
Definition
A benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system
Term
lymphedema
Definition
Swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues
Term
lymphocytes
Definition

WBCs that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells

-Cells undergo further maturation and differentiation in lymphoid tissues throughout the body

Term
lymphokines
Definition

which are produced by the T cells, direct the antigen-antibody response by signaling between the cells of the immune system

-Attract macrophages to the infected site and prepare them to attack the invaders

Term
lymphoma
Definition
term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues
Term
lymphoscintigraphy
Definition
diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels
Term
macrophage
Definition
a type of WBC that surrounds and kills invading cells, also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells
Term
malaria
Definition

disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitos that is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

-Symptoms develop from 7 days to 4 weeks after being infected and include fever, shaking chills, headache, muscle aches, and tiredness

Term
mammography
Definition
a radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells 
Term
metastasis
Definition
a new cancer site that results from the spreading process
Term
metastasize
Definition
the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another
Term
myoma
Definition
benign tumor made up of muscle tissue
Term
myosarcoma
Definition
malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue
Term
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Definition

term used to describe all lymphomas other than Hodgkin's

-Some are aggressive(fast-growing), some are indolent(slow-growing)

Term
opportunistic infection
Definition
caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans, however when the host is debilitated, these pathogens are able to cause an infection
Term
osteosarcoma
Definition
malignant tumor usually involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or knee
Term
parasite
Definition
plant or animal that lives on, or within, another living organism at the expense of that organism
Term
pathogen
Definition
microorganism that causes a disease in humans
Term
rabies
Definition
an acute viral infection that is most commonly transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal
Term
rickettsia
Definition
a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites
Term
rubella
Definition
viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash
Term
sarcoma
Definition
malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard tissues, soft tissues, and liquid tissues
Term
spirochetes
Definition
spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
Term
splenomegaly
Definition
an abnormal enlargement of the spleen 
Term
staphylococci
Definition
a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes
Term
streptococci
Definition
bacteria that form a chain, many are harmless
Term
teletherapy
Definition
radiation therapy administered at distance from the body
Term
tetanus
Definition
caused by the bacillus Clostridium tetani, transmitted through a cut or wound
Term
toxoplasmosis
Definition
most commonly transmitted from animals to humans by contact with contaminated feces
Term
varicella
Definition

AKA "chicken pox"

caused by herpes virus Varicella zoster and is highly contagious

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