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| an optical instrument with lenses that refract visible light to agnify images ofspecimens |
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| one of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosplasm of eukaryotic cells |
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| a microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope |
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| Scanning Electron Microscope |
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| used to study the fine details of cell surfaces |
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| Transmission Electron Microscope |
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| used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells |
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| the disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation |
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| most powerful centrifuges that can spin as fast as 130000 rpm |
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| the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm |
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| a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nuclus and membrane-enclosed organelles |
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| a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell |
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| a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles |
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| the entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane |
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| the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition |
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| the membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucles, separating it from the cytoplasm |
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| a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus |
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| a threadlike, gene-carrying structre found in the nucleus. consists of long DNA molecule and associated proteins |
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| the comples DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome. |
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| a specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active int he synthesis of ribosomes |
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| a cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and funtioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
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| the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles |
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| a sac made of membrane inside of cells |
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| an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studdedand ribosome free regions |
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| that portion of the ER that is free of ribosomes |
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| that portion of the ER studded with ribosomes |
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| a protein covalently attached to a carb |
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| a tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell |
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| an organelle in eukarotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the ER |
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| a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytosplasm of eukaryotic cells |
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| a type of endocytocis involving large, particiulate substances, accomplished mainly by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells |
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| a membranous sac formed by phagocytosis |
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| a membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain cells |
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| a membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development |
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| a membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the vacuolar contents, called cell sap |
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| an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration |
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| an organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
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| a microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydroge dioxide |
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| an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP |
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| the compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enxymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle |
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| one of a family of closely related plant organellesthat includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amylplasts |
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| a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy |
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| a stackedportion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis |
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| the fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water |
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| a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplams and serve a variety of mechanical and transport function |
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| proteins that react with the cytoskeleton to create cell motility |
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| a hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton |
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| a solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction |
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| a component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments |
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| material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-orgainizing center |
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| a structur ein an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern. an animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division |
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| a long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. the flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structre and funtion |
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| a short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion |
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| a eukaryotic cell ofganelle consistinf of a 9+0 arrangement of microtubule tiplet |
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| a large contractile protein forming the side-arms of microtubule doublets cilia and flagella |
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| a globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in the cells |
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| a type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction |
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| a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding |
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| a circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells |
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| a relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young plant cell |
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| a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, prmarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells |
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| a strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for plant cell protection and support |
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| the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides |
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| a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of a cell that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; most abundant protein in animal kingdom |
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| a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, rich in carbs |
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| a glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the the extracellular matrix |
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| a receptor protein built into the plasma membrane that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton |
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| an open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell |
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