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| The policy of racial separateness that directed the separate residential and work spaces for white, blacks, coloureds, and Indians in South Africa for nearly 50 years. It was abolished when the African National Congress came to power in 1994. |
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| The 1884 conference that divided Africa into European colonial territories. The boundaries created in Berlin satisfied European ambition but ignored indigenous cultural affiliations. Many of Africa’s civil conflicts can be traced to ill-conceived territorial divisions crafted in 1884 |
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| Energy sources derived from plants or animals. Throughout the developing world, wood, charcoal, and dung are primary energy sources for cooking and heating |
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| The spread of desert conditions into semiarid areas owing to improper management of land |
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| A landform that rims southern Africa from Angola to South Africa. It forms where the narrow coastal plains meet the elevated plateaus in an abrupt break in elevation |
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| Nominally independent ethnic territories created for blacks under the grand apartheid scheme. Homelands were on marginal land, overcrowded, and poorly serviced. In the post-apartheid era they were eliminated |
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| The northeastern corner of Sub-Saharan Africa that includes the states of Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti. Drought, famine, and ethnic warfare in the 1980’s and 1990’s resulted in political turmoil in this area |
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| A state where corruption is so institutionalized that politicians and bureaucrats siphon off a huge percentage of a country’s wealth |
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| Founded in 1900 by U.S. intellectuals W.E.B. DuBois and Marcus Garvey, this movement’s slogan was “Africa for Africans” and its influence extended across the Atlantic. |
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| Nomadic and sedentary peoples who rely upon livestock for livelihood and sustenance |
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| A person who flees his or her country because of a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, ideology, or political affiliation |
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| Shifting cultivation, process involves burning the natural vegetation to release fertilizing ash and planting crops. Each plot is temporarily abandoned once its source of nutrients has been exhausted |
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| The semi-desert region at the southern fringe of the Sahara, and the countries that fall within this region, which extends from Senegal to Sudan. |
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| structural adjustment program |
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| Controversial yet widely implemented programs used to reduce government spending, encourage the private sector, and refinance foreign debt |
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| racially segregated neighborhoods created by nonwhite groups under apartheid in South Africa. They are usually found on the outskirts of cities and classified as black, coloured, and South Asian |
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| A form of pastoralism in which animals are taken to high altitude pastures during the summer months and returned to low altitude pastures during the winter |
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| Allegiance to a particular tribe or ethnic group rather than to the nation-state. Tribalism is often blamed for internal conflict within Sub-Saharan states |
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