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Chapter 6 Notes only
chapter 6 notes only
49
Geology
Pre-School
10/07/2011

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Cards

Term
Where in North America does most precipitation occur?
Definition
Southeast
Term
where in North America does the least amount of precipitation?
Definition
The West Coast
Term
most run off of ground water occurs in what form?
Definition
Overland flow and streamflow
Term
groundwater only accounts for how many percent of runoff?
Definition
5%
Term
Overland flow and streamflow account for x% of runoff?
Definition
95%
Term
net movement of water molecules away from a wet surface into air that is less saturated?
Definition
evaporation
Term
outward movement of water through small openings on the underside of leaves?
Definition
Transpiration
Term
the combination of transpiration and evaporation is called?
Definition
Evapotranspiration
Term
the net outward movement of water molecules away from land plants is called?
Definition
Actual evapotranspiration
Term
water that would evaporate and transpired under optimum moisture conditions when enough water is available is called?
Definition
Potential evapotranspiration
Term
what are the two ways to measure potential evaporation?
Definition
Evaporation pan and lysimeter
Term
how does a lysimeter work?
Definition
half open can buried in earth
Term
why does high potential evapotranspiration lead to high transpiration?
Definition
Water evaporated water in air leads to more rain
Term
why does a low potential evapotranspiration lead to lower precipitation?
Definition
Low amount of water in air leads to less rain
Term
thin molecular layer of water tightly bound to sign Oracle is not available what should Americans?
Definition
Hygroscopic water
Term
water held in soil surface tension of hydrogen bonding, accessible to plant roots?
Definition
Capillary water
Term
water that remains near plants after water drains from larger pore spaces?
Definition
Field capacity
Term
excess water that percolates downward from the shallow capillary zone to the deeper groundwater zone?
Definition
Gravitational water
Term
one title soil mixture maximizes available water is the best for plants?
Definition
Loam soil
Term
what city has the greatest drought in the figures based on book?
Definition
Phoenix Arizona
Term
lower precipitation, higher temperatures and reductions on moisture is what kind of drought?
Definition
Meteorological drought
Term
changes in soil moisture and whether they affect crop yields is what kind of drought?
Definition
Agricultural drought
Term
reservoir levels drop, streamflow decreases and groundwater mining increases what kind of drought?
Definition
Hydrologic drought
Term
water rationing, wildfires, and other problems affecting the economy and society as a drought?
Definition
Socioeconomic drought
Term
where is groundwater found?
Definition
In the pores of soil and sediment and narrow fractures and drop
Term
what is the largest reservoir of fresh water available to humans?
Definition
Groundwater
Term
groundwater supplies what percentage and urban and rural areas?
Definition
Up to 50% of the US use groundwater, in rural areas it can be as much is 100%
Term
the percentage of open space within a given volume of regular rock is called?
Definition
Porosity
Term
what is the porosity of most rocks (percentage)?
Definition
Less than 20%
Term
how high can the porosity of rocks yet (percentage)?
Definition
As high as 50%
Term
a measure of how easily a rock allows fluid to pass through it is called?
Definition
Permeability
Term
what is the most permeable and porous rock?
Definition
Gravel
Term
what is the least porous and least permeable rock?
Definition
Un-fractured shale
Term
what does the groundwater table during the dry season after heavy rain falls?
Definition
Lowers during dry seasons, rises after heavy rain
Term
what happens to groundwater in areas where precipitation seeps downward to the saturation soil?
Definition
Groundwater recharges
Term
the permeability of material, travel distance and path of flow affect water in what way?
Definition
Differs the amount of time it takes for water to move the ground to the charge and discharge
Term
body of rocks such as shell that does not conduct water in usable amounts is called?
Definition
aquiclude
Term
highly permeable rock such as sandstone or porous limestone within the zone of saturation is called?
Definition
Aquifer
Term
what is an unconfined aquifer?
Definition
Is not bound by acquiludes
Term
what is a confined aquifer?
Definition
Mounted above and below by aquicludes
Term
the way that an overlying column of water would exert at a particular depth is called?
Definition
Hydrostatic pressure
Term
what happens to water when it comes under increased hydrostatic pressure?
Definition
It moves down slope
Term
when groundwater under pressure rises above the level of an aquifer this is called?
Definition
Artesian systems
Term
what does water do to artesian well?
Definition
Water rises on its own without bumping
Term
what are the two conditions necessary for artesian system?
Definition
Aquifer confined above and below by aquicludes and is inclined with one and receiving water (recharge area)
Term
describe a non-flowing artesian well?
Definition
Pressure surface below ground and water does not reach surface
Term
describe a flowing artesian well?
Definition
When pressure surface is aboveground
Term
what is the water supply to the United States come from?
Definition
Surface and groundwater sources
Term
what is the overall level of water drop the High Plains aquifer?
Definition
3 to 60 m (10 to 200 feet)
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