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Definition
| process of converting light energy into chemical energy |
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Definition
| All of the reactions used to make ATP inside cells |
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Definition
| organisms that make their own food |
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Definition
| organisms that use other organisms for food |
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Definition
| energy molecule in our blood |
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Term
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Definition
| energy molecule in our cells |
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Definition
| respiration that does use oxygen |
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Definition
| respiration that does NOT use oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
Anaerobic first stage of cellular respiration, enzymatic breakdown of a sugar into two molecules of pyruvic acid (book)
or
a 10 step process by which glucose is oxidized to make 2 pyruvic acid molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| building complex molecules from simple molecules (dehydration) |
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Definition
| breaks down molecules (hydrolysis) |
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Definition
| buildup of lactic acid in muscle tissue |
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Definition
| anaerobic respiration without aerobic respiration |
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Definition
| process where by a new copy of a chromosome is made |
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Term
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Definition
| process by where an RNA copy of a gene is made |
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Definition
| process where a protein is made from the RNA copy of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequence of mRNA that are used to code for proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequences of mRNA that do not code for protein |
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Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
a polymer of nucleotides that serves as genetic information . double stranded loop and contains attached HU proteins-prokaryotic cells
eurkaryotic-found in strands w/ attached histone proteins, tightly coiled is known as a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| polymer of nucleotides formed on the template surface of DNA by transcription. mRNA, rRNA, tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two DNA strands that serves as a template or pattern for the synthesis of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The strand of DNA that is not read directly by enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated specific sequences of nucleotide pairs (cell aging and cancer) |
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Term
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Definition
| basic subunit of protein consisting of a short carbon skeleton that contains an amino group, carboxylic acid group, and one various side groups |
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Term
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Definition
| any change in the genetic information of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of a chromosome is replicate and attached to the orginial section in sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome is broken and a piece becomes reattached to its original chromosome, but in a flipped orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| tRNA uses mRNA as a guide to arrange amino acids in their proper sequence according to the genetic info in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of one or more nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA that has been constructed by inserting new pieces of DNA into the DNA of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule composed of ribonucleotides that functions as a copy of the gene and is used in the cytoplasm of the cell during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for transporting a specific amino acid into a ribosome for assembly into a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| globular form of RNA;a part of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
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Term
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Definition
| a process that results in equal and identical distribution of replicated chromosomes into two newly formed nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell grows, makes components to get ready for s phase, cell gathers nutrients, extended period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis, chromosomes replicated |
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Term
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Definition
| cell gets ready for mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consists of g1, s and g2, not going through mitosis lasts a day to a week, all occurs before mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes coil up and get thick, nuclear membrane goes away, centrioles separate and move to poles of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| place where two chromatids are joined together |
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Term
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Definition
| each half of a replicated chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| animal cells, two organelles at right angles that help form spindle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes align at equator of the cell, spindler fibers attach to chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubules that help pull chromatids apart |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatid pulls apart, cytokinesis begins (late anaphase) |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes uncoil, stretch out, nuclear membrane reforms, cytokinesis ends- 2 cells |
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Term
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Definition
| forming specialized cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cell mass caused by uncontrolled growth of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cell mas that does not fragment and spread (doesn't invade other tissues) brain tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| fragments and spreads (lung cancer) |
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Term
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Definition
| fragmenting and spreading |
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Term
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Definition
| division of one cell into two cells |
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Term
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Definition
| structure within the nucleus of a cell composed of long molecules of DNA in assocation w/ proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| code for proteins that provide signs that discourage cell division |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| code for proteins that provide signals to the cell that encourage cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| agents that mutate or chemically damage DNA pg 179 diff kinds |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of a new individual as a result of the union of 2 gametes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 sets of chromsomes (2n) |
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Term
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Definition
| one set of chromosomes (1n) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes which make up a pair |
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Term
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Definition
| the specialized cell divisions that reduce the number of chromosomes from 2n to 1n |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear membrane goes away, chromosomes coil, synapsis, crossing over |
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Term
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Definition
| when homologous chromosomes lie side by side during prophase I |
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Term
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Definition
| when homologous chromosomes trade pieces during prophase I |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes align at equator cell |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous chromosomes are pulled apart |
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Term
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Definition
| the segregation of one pair of homologous chromosomes is independent of all the others |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell divides and returns to an interphase like condition |
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Term
| indedendent assortment and crossing over are why brother and sister don't look alike |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| presence of 3 chromosomes instead of the normal 2, chromosome number 21 is the smallest (results in Down Syndrome) |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes fail to come apart, too many or too few chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome is replicate and attached to the original section in its sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| tRNA uses mRNA as a guide to arrange the amino acids in their proper sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes that typically carry genetic information used by an organism for characteristics other than determinatino of sex (pg 217) |
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Term
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Definition
| the generating of gametes; the meiotic cell division procfess that produces sex cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a portion of a chromosome that determines a characteristic |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| first person to systematically study inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
| different forms of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| set of all genes in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a listing of the alleles present in an organism ex: Cc |
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Term
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Definition
| an allele that when present with a diff allele will mask the effect of the other allele B |
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Term
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Definition
| have its action masked by the other b |
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Term
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Definition
| when both alleles in a heterozygous combination express themselves (blood type) |
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Term
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Definition
| two alleles for a trait are different |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| refers to way genes are expressed or what you look like : blue eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| when a heterozygous combination of alleles gives a phenotype that is intermediate b/w the 2 homozygous combinations |
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Term
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Definition
| when one gene affects more than one trait (marfan syndrome) |
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Term
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Definition
| when it takes MORE than one gene to affect ONE trait |
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Term
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Definition
| the spot on a chromosome where an allele is located |
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Term
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Definition
| when haploid gametes are formed by a diploid organism, the 2 alleles that control a trait separate from one another into different gametes, retaining their individuality |
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Term
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Definition
| when an organism has 2 different alleles for a trait, the allele that is expressed and overshadows the expression of the other allele is said to be dominant and the other one is recessive |
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Term
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Definition
| the chance that an event will happen, expressed as a percentage or fraction |
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Term
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Definition
| a method used to determine the probabilities of allele combinations in a zygote |
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Term
| law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| members of one allele pair will separate from each other independently of the members of the other allele pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to genes that are located on the chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| singe strand of DNA wound around proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which a gene is transcribed or translated to become an observable feature of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 base sequence of mRNA for an amino acid |
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