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| The arrangement of a chord so that the root is the lowest voice |
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| the third of the chord is in the bass |
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| the 5th of the chord is in the bass |
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| Altering an interval so that the higher note becomes the lower note. Moving the upper note an octave lower, or vice versa usually does this. Placing a chord member other than the root in the bass |
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| the aural effect of a tone or group of tones |
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| the exigencies of part writing sometimes make it necessary to employ an alternate doubling to avoid a more serious weakness |
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| A tone that has a strong tendency to resolve in a specific direction e.g.. the leading tone |
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| A second inversion chord that is part of a cadence formula-- most frequently, the tonic chord in second inversion followed by a dominant |
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| A second inversion that usually occurs between a triad in first inversion and the same triad in root position. Typical is the following: Tonic in first inversion-- dominant in second inversion-- tonic in root position. |
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| a second inversion chord that occurs over the same (or repeated) bass note |
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| A second inversion chord formed by arpeggiated movement in the lowest voice |
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| When a major or minor triad is in first inversion, the soprano is usually doubled |
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| When a diminished triad in first inversion, the bass is doubled |
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| When a triad is in second inversion, the bass is doubled |
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