Term
| Fixed-interval (FI) Schedule |
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Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a
fixed time interval has elapsed. |
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Term
| Fixed-ratio (FR) Schedule |
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Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced
responses. |
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Term
| Higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
A type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned
stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for an animal's innate responses to interfere with conditioning processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| See Operant conditioning. |
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Term
| Intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fact that, under concurrent schedules of reinforcement, organisms' relative rate of responding to each alternative tends to match each alternative's relative rate of reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person whose behavior is observed by another. |
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Term
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Definition
The strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant)
stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of
others, who are called models. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that the food-seeking behaviors of many animals maximize the nutrition gained in relation to the energy expended to locate, secure, and consume various foods. |
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Term
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Definition
| See Intermittent reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| See Classical conditioning. |
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Term
| Irrational fears of specific objects or situations. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the
presentation of a rewarding stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rule that people should pay back in kind what they receive from others. |
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Term
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Definition
| An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response. |
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Term
| Reinforcement contingencies |
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Definition
The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of
reinforcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Largely unconscious defensive maneuvers a client uses to hinder the progress of therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
In operant conditioning, the phenomenon that occurs when an organism continues to make a
response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated. |
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Term
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Definition
| See Classical conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recovering information from memory stores. |
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Term
| Schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| A specific presentation of reinforcers over time. |
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Term
| Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers |
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Definition
| Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled. |
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Term
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Definition
In classical conditioning, the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of
nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any detectable input from the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus
does not respond in the same way to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus
responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintaining encoded information in memory over time. |
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Term
| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon |
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Definition
| A temporary inability to remember something accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach. |
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Term
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Definition
A system for doling out symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine
reinforcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli. |
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Term
| Unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Definition
| An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. |
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Term
| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. |
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Term
| Variable-interval (VI) schedule |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. |
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Term
| Variable-ratio (VR) schedule |
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Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced
responses. |
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