Term
| What kind of changes does x-radiation make to a cell and living tissues? |
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Definition
| biologic changes in cells, adversely affects all living tissue |
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Term
| What is our goal in terms of radiation? |
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Definition
| to minimize amount of radiation received by the patient and maximize the benefits |
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Term
| What are techniques used for? And when are they used? |
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Definition
| used before, during, and after the procedure to protect the patient |
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Term
| What are the three aspects of patient protection? |
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Definition
before exposure
during exposure
after exposure |
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Term
| What are the things that take place before exposure? (2) |
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Definition
1.prescribing dental radiographs
2.proper equipment |
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Term
| Who prescribes dental radiographs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is professional judgement used to determine? |
|
Definition
| number, type, and frequency of dental radiographs |
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Term
| Who publishes guidelines for promoting patient protection? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are three things that determine the radiographs prescribed? |
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Definition
1.type of patient(new, recare)
2.age of patient(eruption pattern, adult, geriatric)
3.disease status(active disease, risk vs no risk) |
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Term
| What are some factors that determine if someone is at risk or not? (5) |
|
Definition
1.oral hygiene
2.nutrition
3.frequency of sugar
4.gingival/perio condition
5.medical/disabilities |
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Term
| What will proper equipment do? |
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Definition
| proper equipment that complies with the state and federal radiation guidelines will minimize the radiation a patient receives |
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Term
| What are the three types of filtration? |
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Definition
1.inherent filtration
2.added filtration
3.total filtration |
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Term
| What are the three components of proper equipment? |
|
Definition
1.filtration
2.collimation
3.PID |
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Term
|
Definition
| a lead washer that restricts the size of the xray beam |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an aluminum disc that filters(removes) the long wavelength xrays |
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Term
| When does inherent filtration take place? |
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Definition
| when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the x-ray tube, the insulating oil, and tubehead seal |
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Term
| How much aluminum is inherent filtration equivalent to? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Is inherent filtration alone enough? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why is inherent filtration alone not enough? |
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Definition
| it does not meet the standards regulated by state and federal law |
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Term
| What is added filtration? |
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Definition
| aluminum disk placed between the collimator and the tubehead seal |
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Term
| What does added filtration do? |
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Definition
| filters out longer wavelengths, lower energy xrays from the beam, because these are harmful and not beneficial |
|
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Term
| What does added filtration do? |
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Definition
| results in a higher energy and a more penetrating useful beam |
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Term
| What is total filtration? |
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Definition
| the sum of inherent and added filtration |
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Term
| What is total filtration regulated by? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How much total aluminum filtration do machines operating at or below 70 kPv require? |
|
Definition
| a total of 1.5 mm aluminum filtration |
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Term
| How much total aluminum filtration do machines operating above 70 kPv require? |
|
Definition
| require a minimum total filtration of 2.5 mm |
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|
Term
| What does the collimator do? |
|
Definition
| restricts the size and shape of the xray beam, reduces patient exposure |
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Term
| What are the two shapes that collimators come in? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a round collimator produce? |
|
Definition
| a cone shaped beam 2.75 inches in diameter |
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|
Term
| What does a rectangular collimator produce? |
|
Definition
| a rectangular beam slightly larger than a #2 film |
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Term
|
Definition
-position indicating device
-extension of the x-ray tubehead used to direct the x-ray beam |
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Term
| What are the three shapes that PID's come in? |
|
Definition
1.conical
2.rectangular
3.round |
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Term
| Are conical PID's still used in dental radiation? Why? |
|
Definition
| no because they have excessive scatter radiation |
|
|
Term
| What are the lengths of rectangular and round PID's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do rectangular and round PID's look like? What are they lined with? |
|
Definition
| open ended, lined with lead |
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|
Term
| Which PID produces the least divergence of the xray beam with less magnification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some things to consider during exposure? (6) |
|
Definition
1.thyroid collar
2.lead apron
3.fast film
4.film holding devices
5.exposure film selection
6.proper technique |
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|
Term
| What is the thyroid collar? What does it do? |
|
Definition
| flexible shield placed around the patients neck, protects thyroid gland from scatter radiation |
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|
Term
| Is the thyroid collar attached to the lead apron? |
|
Definition
| may be attached or separate |
|
|
Term
| What is are thyroid collars recommended for? What are they not recommended for? |
|
Definition
| recommended for all intraoral films, not for extraoral films |
|
|
Term
| Where is the lead apron placed? What does it protect? |
|
Definition
| placed over the patients chest and lap to protect the reproductive organs and blood forming tissues from scatter radiation |
|
|
Term
| Are lead aprons required in clinic? |
|
Definition
| YES, if you forget it you will get a zero |
|
|
Term
| What is the single most effective method of reducing a patients exposure to radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two film speeds available now? Which is faster? |
|
Definition
| F speed and D speed, F(kodak insight) is faster |
|
|
Term
| Is digital or film faster? |
|
Definition
| digital, requires less exposure to patient |
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|
Term
| What do film holding devices do? |
|
Definition
| stabilize film position in the mouth and reduces the chance for movement |
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|
Term
| What do film holding devices eliminate? |
|
Definition
| the need for the patient to hold the film in position with their finger, reducing unnecessary exposure |
|
|
Term
| Should we allow patients to use their finger to hold radiographs in place? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What adjustments on the control panel limit the amount of radiation exposure received by the patient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are mA and kVp usually set on machines? |
|
Definition
| yes, depending on area of the mouth, size of patient, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is the kVp range that keeps patient exposure to a minimum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must happen is a nondiagnostic radiographs is taken? |
|
Definition
| it must be retaken resulting in an additional radiation exposure for the patient |
|
|
Term
| Does technique error ever determine a retake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of a diagnostic radiograph? (4) |
|
Definition
1.Demonstrate the teeth prescribed
2.demonstrate proper density and contrast
3.demonstrate the surrounding structures expected on a radiograph
4.demonstrate the area in question(open contact, root apex, bone) |
|
|
Term
| What do artifacts caused by improper film handling result in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may improper film processing require? |
|
Definition
| retakes, thus exposing the patient to more unnecessary radiation |
|
|
Term
| What eliminates film handling mistakes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must the dental radiographer avoid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of protection guidelines for the operator? |
|
Definition
1.distance recommendations
2.position recommendations
3.shielding recommendations |
|
|
Term
| What distance must a radiographer maintain while making an exposure to be safe? |
|
Definition
| at least 6 feet from the tubehead |
|
|
Term
| How can one avoid the primary beam? |
|
Definition
| by standing either perpendicular or at 90 to 135 degree angle to the beam |
|
|
Term
| WHat is something that a dental office can have to protect the operator from primary and scatter radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must dental xray machines by monitored for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be worn at waist level when taking radiographs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the film badge sent? |
|
Definition
| mailed with the control badge to the monitoring company once a month for evaluation |
|
|
Term
| What did the radiation control for health and safety act do? When as it established? |
|
Definition
| standardizes performance of xray equipment, in 1968 |
|
|
Term
| What did the consumer-Patient radiation health and safety act do? When was this established? |
|
Definition
| addresses issues of education and certification for operator of radiographic equipment, 1981 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equivalent that a body is permitted to receive in a specific period of time(1 year) |
|
|
Term
| What is the MPD for an occupationally exposed person? (US!!) |
|
Definition
| 5.0 rem/year(0.5 sv/year) |
|
|
Term
| What is the MPD for a non-occupationally exposed person? |
|
Definition
| 0.1 rem/year (0.001 sv/year) |
|
|
Term
| What is the MPD for a pregnant woman? |
|
Definition
| the same as a non-occupationally exposed person |
|
|
Term
| What does MAD stand for? What is it? |
|
Definition
| Maximum Allowable Dose-accumulated over a lifetime |
|
|
Term
| What is the MAD formula based on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the equations for MAD? |
|
Definition
MAD=(N-18)x5 rems/year
MAD=(N-18)x0.5 Sv/year
N-person's age
18-minimum age to work around radiation |
|
|
Term
| What does ALARA stand for? |
|
Definition
| As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
|
|
Term
| Who has to adopt the ALARA concept? |
|
Definition
| oral healthcare professionals have an ETHICAL responsibility to adopt the ALARA concept |
|
|
Term
| What does one do when exercising the ALARA concept? |
|
Definition
| use every possible method of reducing exposure to radiation |
|
|
Term
| What should you discuss with patients when talking to them about the risks of radiographs? |
|
Definition
| the benefits and how they outweigh the risks |
|
|
Term
| What all should you educate the patient on in terms of safety guidelines? (5) |
|
Definition
1.Equipment
2.Film Speed
3.Digital Imaging
4.Patient Protection
5.Procedural Techniques implemented for safety |
|
|
Term
| What is the risk from dental radiographs lower than? |
|
Definition
| lower than the risk you face driving to the appointment |
|
|
Term
| How many days of background radiation exposure is a FMX with F speed film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reduction in radiation when digital is used rather than film? |
|
Definition
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