Term
| What kind of drug is ibuprofen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some brand names for ibuprofen? |
|
Definition
-Advil
-Motrin
-Nuprin
-Panafen |
|
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Term
| What are the therapeutic uses of ibuprofen? |
|
Definition
-fever
-symptoms of arthritis
-mild/moderate pain
-low risk if MI(cuts down on chances of heart attack) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are some common brand names of naproxin? |
|
Definition
-Naprosyn
-Aleve(naprosyn+sodium) |
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Term
| WHat are some therapeutic uses of naproxyn? |
|
Definition
-arthritis
-gout
-fever
-inflammation/severe pain
-low risk of MI |
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Term
| What may naproxyn do to a pregnant woman? |
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Definition
| may have teratogenic effects in the first trimester |
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Term
| What else does naproxyn do? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| WHat is Celebrex(celecoxib)? |
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Definition
| reversible COX-2 inhibitor, NSAID |
|
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Term
| What have studies not shown with Celebrex? |
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Definition
| studies not demonstrated a true decrease in anti-COX-1 side effects compared to other NSAIDS |
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Term
| How does Celebrex compare to other NSAIDS? |
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Definition
| -NSAIDS so not carry the other cardiovascular risks(higher chance of heart attack and stroke on this medication)therefore it is only prescribed to certain patients |
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Term
| How do reversible drug's effects compare to nonreversible? |
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Definition
| reversible drugs have a shorter effect than nonreversible because it can be knocked off of the enzyme, with irreversible the body has to excrete the enzyme and make more to get rid of the drug |
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Term
| What are endogenous opioids? |
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Definition
| natural ligands(agonists) for opioid reeptors |
|
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Term
| What are the opioid receptors? |
|
Definition
-Enkeplalins
-Beta-endorphins
-Dynorphins |
|
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Term
| What do opioids do? What is a bad thing about them? |
|
Definition
-work as analgesics(pain relievers)
-have a high addiction potential b/c they change receptors in the body |
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Term
| What does prolonged exposure to opioids do? |
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Definition
| decreases receptor production, so the person taking them needs more(a higher dose) to achieve the same high |
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Term
| What are some agonists/mixed agonists of opioid drugs? (5) |
|
Definition
-analgesics(primarily)
-sedatives
-anxiety-medictions
-cough suppressants(cough syrup w/codiene)
-depressed GI tract activities (someone w/ ulcer will take to give body time to heal) |
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Term
| What are some antagonists uses of opioids? |
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Definition
treats overdoses of agonists/partial agonists
-helps prevent relapse of opioid addicts |
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Term
| What is a physiological addiction? |
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Definition
| when a production in the number of receptors for a drug decreases with extended use, so the person has to take a higher dose to get the same effect |
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Term
| What is the adsorption of opioids? |
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Definition
| oral, injection, nasal, or transdermal patch |
|
|
Term
| What is the distribution of opioids? |
|
Definition
-lipophilic so they bind quickly to receptors
-low bioability compared to oral dose |
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Term
| WHat is the metabolism of opioids like? |
|
Definition
-onset within 1 hour
-4-6 hours until therapeutic effects ware off due to phase I metabolism |
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|
Term
| What type of excretion do opioids go through? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What type of metabolism do opioids go through? What does one have to be careful of when taking opioids? |
|
Definition
-phase one
-since it is lipophilic you have to be careful of drug interactions |
|
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Term
| What are some common adverse reactions of opioids? |
|
Definition
-respiratory depression
-nausea/vomiting
-constipation
-myosis
-urinary retention
-CNS effects(decreases CNS)
-cardiovascular effects(slows heart rate)
-biliary tract constriction
-histimine release(itchy, hives)
-pregnancy and nursing
-overdose(happens easy)
-addiction(withdrawl)
-allergic reactions
-drug interactions
-physiological tolerance |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can opioids effect pregnancy and nursing? |
|
Definition
| can cross placenta and is excreted through mammary glands |
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Term
| What does biliary tract constriction caused by opioids do? |
|
Definition
| slows bile release, this causes issues with nutrient absorption |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a schedule I opioid not used for therapeutic reasons |
|
|
Term
| What kind of feelings does heroin cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does heroin metabolize into when administered orally? How is it usually administered? |
|
Definition
-leads to metabolism into morphine before crossing the BBB when administered orally
-usually injected |
|
|
Term
| When are symptoms of withdrawl seen with heroin? |
|
Definition
| 6-8 hours after last dose |
|
|
Term
| What is a physiological addiction? |
|
Definition
| actual changes of receptors in your body |
|
|
Term
| What is a psychological addiction? |
|
Definition
| it is routine, things you do, people you hang out with etc. |
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Term
| What is known as the "standard" of opioids? |
|
Definition
| morphine, it is the strongest available |
|
|
Term
| What is codeine? What is it used in combination with? |
|
Definition
-weakly analgesic alone
-used in combination with nonopiods for increased analgesia with decreased side effects |
|
|
Term
| What are codiene combined with nonopioids commonly used in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of this combination? |
|
Definition
-Tylenol 1-4(with codiene)
-Phenaphen
-Empirin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an opiod agonist used for moderate or severe pain relief(decreases perception of pain, works directly on the CNS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an opiod agonist used for moderate or severe pain relief(decreases perception of pain, works directly on the CNS) |
|
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Term
| Where is hydrocodone commonly used? What is it commonly paired with? |
|
Definition
| in dental practices, often combined with nonopiods |
|
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Term
| What are some trade/brand names of hydrocodone? |
|
Definition
-Vicodin(hydrocodone+aceteminophen)
-Lortab
-Lorcet
-Vicoprofen(hydrocodone+ibuprofen) |
|
|
Term
| What is a synergistic effect? |
|
Definition
| seen with opioid is combined with a nonopioid(both at lower doses), and getting a higher therapeutic effect than you would see individually |
|
|
Term
| What does a nonopioid do? |
|
Definition
| blocks COX enzymes so you cannot feel pain |
|
|
Term
| What is oxycodone? What is it used for? |
|
Definition
-opioid agonist
-used for relief of moderate to severe pain |
|
|
Term
| What is the trade name for oxycodone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is oxycodone often combined with? What are some examples of this combination? |
|
Definition
-nonopioids
-Percodan(oxy+aspirin)
-Percoset(oxy+aceteminophen)
-Roxicet(oxy+aceteminophen)
-Tylox(oxy+aceteminophen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an opioid agonist used for moderate to severe pain relief |
|
|
Term
| How is oxymorphone administered? |
|
Definition
| via injection, suppository, or pill |
|
|
Term
| What is the trade name of a oxymorphone? |
|
Definition
| Opana ER(extended release) |
|
|
Term
| What are some medications that may interact with opioid gonsists? |
|
Definition
| any medication that also gets metabolized through phase I |
|
|
Term
| What does alcohol or barbituates + opioid agonists do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does st john's wart(for depression)+ opioid agonist do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does phenytoin+opioid agonists do? |
|
Definition
| increases liver clearance(increases metabolism), this leads to decreased opioid levels |
|
|
Term
| WHat does phenytoin+metadone cause? |
|
Definition
| increased clearance which leads to increased withdrawl symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What is the brand name for phenytoin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of drug is butorphanol? |
|
Definition
-mixed agonist
-both agonist and antiagonist activity |
|
|
Term
| What is butorphanol used for? How is it administered? |
|
Definition
-can't be administered orally b/c it is not well absorbed
-most often used in treatment of migraine treatment(nasal spay) or during surgery(IV) |
|
|
Term
| What is naloxone? What is it use to treat? |
|
Definition
-opioid antagonist
-used to treat respiratory depression from opioid overdose, quickly precipitates withdrawl symptoms in opioid addicts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antagonizes known opioid receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to treat opioid(primarily heroin) addiction, eases withdrawl |
|
|
Term
| What is the method of action of methadone like? |
|
Definition
| longer duration of action, helps decrease frequency of cravings |
|
|
Term
| What is another medication used to treat opioid addiction? |
|
Definition
| -buprenorphine & naloxone (Suboxone) |
|
|
Term
| what does Suboxone do? How is it administered? |
|
Definition
-produces less of a high than straight opioids
-administered as a sublingual film |
|
|
Term
| What are some other treatments for neuopathic pain? |
|
Definition
-anticonvulsants
-tricyclic antidepressants |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of anticonvulsants? What is a side effect of these medications? |
|
Definition
-Pregabalin
-Carbamazepine
**xerostomia** |
|
|
Term
| What is the brand name for pregabalin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the brand name for carbamazepine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a Tricyclic antidepressant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does amytriptyline(Elavil) interact with? |
|
Definition
| vascoconstrictors in local anesthetics |
|
|
Term
| What are some legal types of drug use? |
|
Definition
-alcohol
-tobacco
-opioids
-anxiolytics |
|
|
Term
| What are some illegal types of drug use? |
|
Definition
-heroin
-cocaine
-methamphetamines |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors affecting drug dependence? |
|
Definition
-type of drug
-time of drug onset(faster the high, the more you use)
-time to widthdrawl symptoms
-method of delivery
-ease of obtaining drug |
|
|
Term
| What are some signs of opioid abuse? |
|
Definition
| euphoria, tranquility, slowed GI tract activity, reduced anxiety and aggressiveness |
|
|
Term
| What are some sympoms of opioid abuse? |
|
Definition
-pinprick pupils
-depressed respiration
-hyoptension
-reduced reflexes |
|
|
Term
| What should be administered in case of an opioid overdose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some dental issues associated with opioid abuse? |
|
Definition
-drug interactions
-tolerance to pain control response
-increase liklihood of disease |
|
|
Term
| Can chonic pain be effectively treated with opioids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some signs of opioid intoxication? |
|
Definition
-activation(rush) with low doses, sedation/apathy with high doses
-euphoria/dysphoria
-feeling sof warmth, flushing, itching
-impaired judgemnet,attention or memory
-analgesia
-constipation
-pulpitary constriction
-drowsiness
-respiratory depression, hypotension
-tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| What are some signs of withdrawl from opioids? |
|
Definition
-depressed mood and anxiety, dysphoria
-cravings
-high attention
-hyperalgesia(joint and muscle pain)
-dirrahea, gas, vomiting
-pilpital dilation/photophobia
-insomnia
-autonomic hyperactivity(hypertension, tachcardia, etc)
-yawning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not reacting appropriatly(ex: being told you have 20 cavitites and being okay with it like it is not a big deal) |
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