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Chapter 5- Macromolecules
Structure and Function of Macromolecules
58
Biology
12th Grade
09/08/2008

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Term
polymer
Definition
a long molecule consisting of many "building blocks" that are more or less the same
Term
monomer
Definition
the individual building blocks of a polymer
Term
macromolecule
Definition

molecules that are HUGE

 

like carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Term
condensation/dehydration reaction
Definition

in order to bond, one monomer must donate an H+ and the other must donate and OH-

These two ions then break off to form water, and the monomers are free to bind together. Awwww.

Term
hydrolysis
Definition
when you want to break a polymer bond, you have to split a wate rmolecule so the respective H+ and OH- ions will split the monomer's covalent bond.
Term
monosaccharides
Definition

single sugars

simple sugars

the most basic of carbs.

Term
double sacchrides
Definition

monosacchride sugars combined with a dehydration reaction

Term
polysacchrides
Definition

sugars with multiple sacchrides.

Term
glucose
Definition
C6H12O6
Term
hexoses trioses and pentoses
Definition

indicating the number of carbons in the chain.

 

six, three and five respectivley.

Term

ketose vs aldose sugars

Definition

where the sugar's carbonyl group is

 

aldose is at the end

 

ketose is in the middle.

Term

glycosidic linkage

Definition
two polymers connected by a dehydraion bond.
Term
glycogen
Definition

a polymer of glucose

 

found in humans and animals.

Term
chitin
Definition

found in bugs and arthropods

 

is usually leatheyr, but toughens up when exposed to salt.

Term
the one macromolecule that is NOT a polymer
Definition

lipids!

 

they do not have repeating segments.

 

lipids are grouped because they are hydrophobic.

 

waxes, pigments....

Term
glycerol
Definition

a major ingredient in lipids

 

has 3 carbons, all with their own hydroxyl group.

Term
fatty acids
Definition

the second ingredient in a lipid

 

16 to 18 carbons

 

at one end of the carbon chain is a carboxyl group, which donates the acid properties

 

the rest is a carbon chain with hydrogens attached by nonpolar bonds (hence, the hydrophobia)

Term
lipid formation
Definition

three fatty acids + glycerol

 

linked by ester linkage (bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl)  (each fatty acid hooks up with one of the glycerol's hydroxyl groups)

 

dehydration synthesis

 

 

Term

triglyceride/triacylglycerol

Definition

a three fatty acid and glycerol complex

 

a fat

Term
saturated/unsaturated fats
Definition

saturated with hydrogen

 

unsaturated fats have double bonds between carbons, so that there's less hydrogen.

 

unsaturated are better for you, mostly in plants, liquid at room temp. Kinking prevents them from building up in your arteries

 

saturated fats are worse and are found in animals and are solid at room temperature. They lie flat in your blood stream

Term
adipose
Definition
animal cells that store fat
Term
difference between a phospholipid and a fat
Definition

phospholipids have only two fatty acids, not three

 

that third hydroxyl group bonds to a phosphate group, which is negatively charged. That phosphate group can then bind to other smaller molecules

Term

phospholipid behavior in water

Definition

tails hydrophobic

 

phosphate group in chain is hydrophilic

 

consequently forms cell membranes

Term
double layered aggregates
Definition
bilayers of cell membranes
Term

why steroids are steroids

Definition

carbon skeleton of four fused rings

 

steroid differences arise from what molecules are attached to those rings.

Term
proteios
Definition

first place

 

50% of cell dry mass is proteins

Term
enzymes
Definition

catalyze reactions

 

reusable

 

 

Term
nucleaic acid types
Definition

DNA

 

RNA

Term
polynucleotide
Definition

polymers of nucleaic acids.

 

duh

Term
parts of a nucleotide
Definition

nitrogenous base

 

pentose (five carbon sugar)

 

phosphate group

Term
nucleoside
Definition
part of the nucleotide without the phosphate group
Term
pyrimidine and purines
Definition

a six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms CT and U

 

Purines: six membered ring fused to a five membered ring A and G

Term
difference between DNA and RNA (chemical)
Definition
RNA has an extra oxygen on the second carbon
Term
phosphodiester linkages
Definition

between OH 3' of carbond and the 5' carbon on the next.

 

forms pentose back bone

Term
DNA double helixes run
Definition

opposite each other

 (antiparellel)

Term
proteios
Definition

first place

 

because there are so many proteins

 

Term
polypeptides
Definition
polymers of amino acids
Term
one or more polypeptides all bent
Definition
protein
Term
parts of an amino acid
Definition

H

Amino group NH2

Carboxyl group O=C-OH

R group

Term

alpha carbon

Definition
a-symetric carbon found at the heart of amino acids
Term
how many amino acids?
Definition
20
Term
what makes glycine so cool?
Definition

no asymetric carbon

 

the R group is just another H, so the carbon is symetric

Term
peptide bond
Definition
a dehydration reaction done by an enzyme that link the carboxyl and the amino groups of amino acids together.
Term

N-terminus

 

C-terminus

Definition

amino terminal end of a polypeptide

 

carboxyl end of a polypeptide

Term
sanger
Definition

protein guy

 

worked with insuling

 

used chromatography to get things to overlap into recognizable form.

Term
primary structure
Definition

the specific sequence of amino acids

 

20^x number of possibilities

Term
secondary structure
Definition
small folds or coils
Term
alpha helix
Definition
secondary helix structure formed by hydrogen bonds on every fourth amino acid
Term
beta pleated sheets
Definition
zig zagged amino acid secondary structure.
Term
tertiary structure
Definition
over all protein shape based on R group interactions
Term
hydrophobic interaction
Definition
when hydrophobic side chains end up clustered toward the center of the protein (where there's no water)
Term
disulfide bridges
Definition

two cysteine monomers (-SH) are brought together by protien folding.

 

help w/ tertiary structure

Term
quaternerary structure
Definition
overall form of protein and it's multiply poly peptides.
Term
sickle cells disease
Definition
valine replaces glutamic acid
Term
denaturation
Definition

done by temp, pH, salt

 

unravel and lose pro shape

 

denats often return to original shape when agonist is removed

Term
chaperonins
Definition

chaperone proteins

 

assist in folding of proteins

Term
used to determine proteins shape:
Definition

x ray crystalloghrphy

 

NMR nuclear magnetic resonance spectrocopy

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