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Chapter 5: Learning and Behavior
Learning and Behavior
19
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/20/2013

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Term
LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR
Definition
Learning – is the long-lasting and enduring change in behavior or mental process that result from experience.



Behavior – is anything that an organism does involving action and response to stimulation.
Term
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Definition
Ivan Pavlov – Russian Physiologist

“Classical Conditioning” technique – is a form of behavior learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (CS) acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus.


Eliciting stimulus – which is a stimulus that evokes behavior, commonly as a result of natural selection.
Term
PAVLOVS RESEARCH
Definition
Found – that reflexive responses could be connected to new stimuli that had now biological relevance.

Any neutral stimulus (one w/o any eliciting power, such as a tone or a light), when paired with a reflex-producing stimulus (e.g., food), will eventually elicit a learned response (e.g., slaivation) similar to the original reflex.

Reflexes, unlearned (innate) responses, e.g., salivation, pupil contraction, knee jerks, or eye blinks that are naturally triggered by stimuli that have a biological significance for the organism, help us deal with important events in the environment.

By observing dogs during the digestion process, Pavlov formulated his theory of Classical Conditioning
Term

CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR LEARNING CLASSICAL CONDIDTIONING

Definition
The Anatomy of Classical Conditioning:

1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – refers to any stimulus that, w/o any learning involved, automatically triggers a reflexive behavior.

2.Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – is formerly neutral stimulus that, having been paired with the (UCS), comes to elicit behavior b/c of its association w/the UCS.

3. Unconditioned Response (UCR) – is the behavior elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.

4.Conditioned Response (CR) – is the behavior occurring in response to the (CS) alone.
Term
THORNDIKES LAW OF EFFECT
Definition
Law of Effect – (law of learning) which states that the power of a stimulus to evoke a response is strengthened when the response is followed by a reward and weakened when it is not rewarded.

Thorndike’s idea that the consequences of a behavior determine whether it is likely to be repeated.
Term
THORNDIKES CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Definition
Obviously we see the boy grimace in anticipation of the balloon bursting prior to the actual event once he see’s it’s being overinflated.

“Puzzle Box” experiment – lead to “operant conditioning” in which a cat was placed in a box with a wire attached to a latch to open a door for it to escape. When it would escape it would also get food.
Term
DIFF. BETWEEN PAVLOV AND THORNDIKES CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Definition
Pavlov’s procedure controlled the relation of an environmental stimulus to an eliciting stimulus

Thorndike’s procedure controlled the relation of a response to the eliciting stimulus.
Term
TEMPORAL CONTIGUITY& BEHAVORIAL DISCREPANCY
Definition
Temporal Contiguity – closeness in time between pairs of events is important for learning to occur

Behavioral Discrepancy – only a stimulus that evokes a behavioral change, can function as a reinforcer.; also called a behavioral change
Term
CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING PROCEDURE
Definition
Classical conditioning procedure
-Unconditioned stimulus
-Conditioned stimulus
-Unconditioned response
-Conditioned response

Operant conditioning procedure
-Reinforcement
Term
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Definition
Procedures that manipulate the relationship between stimuli, responses, and reinforcers

Ratio schedules – reinforcer is dependent on the occurrence of a number of responses
-Fixed or variable

Interval schedules – reinforcer is dependent on the passage of time before the response is effective
-Fixed or variable
Term
THE PROCESS OF LEARNING
Definition
Acquisition

Extinction

Stimulus Generalization

Stimulus Discrimination

Choice between Multiple Operants

Punishment
Term
ACQUISITION
Definition
This is the learning of a response

Habituation is learning not to respond to an unimportant event that occurs repeatedly
-Short term
-Long term

Shaping

Natural selection and learning

Conditioned reinforcement
Term
EXTINCTION
Definition
When a response that was previously reinforced is no longer reinforced, resulting in a weakened behavior

Intermittent reinforcement – increases the resistance to the effects of extinction

Spontaneous recovery – increase in a previously extinguished response after the passing of time
Term
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION AND DISCRIMINATION
Definition
Stimulus Generalization – the process by which learning in one environment affects behavior in similar environments

Stimulus Discrimination – occurs when behavior has different consequences in different environments, even when the environments may be quite similar
Term
PUNISHMENT
Definition
If an operant response is followed by an eliciting stimulus and the operant response decreases in strength, then the eliciting stimulus has functioned as a punisher.
Term
BIOLOGICAL BASES OF REINFORCEMENT
Definition
Neural Systems of Reinforcement: are activated ventral-tegmental VTA) neurons that release dopamine which is a neuromodulator that increases synaptic efficacy between neurons.

Cellular Mechanisms of Reinforcement:
-AMPA receptor neuron – excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate that rapidly facilitates firing of the neuron.
-NMDA receptor neuron – glutamate receptor that plays an important role in learning by changing synaptic efficacies.
Term
LEARNING WITH EXPERIANCE-PERPETUAL LEARNING
Definition
Perceptual Learning

Process by which combinations of stimuli guide behavior

Latent learning: – after the stimuli that guide behavior have been experienced but without the behavior being reinforced.
Term
INSTRUCTIONAL CONTROL
Definition
Instructional Control

Guidance of behavior by discriminative stimuli, especially verbal stimuli such as directions:
Known as rule-governed behavior
Term
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Definition
Observational Learning

Occurs when changes in the observer’s behavior take place after watching the behavior of others.


Imitation -
An observer matches or corresponds with the behavior of the person being observed.
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