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Chapter 5: Cardiovascular System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language
219
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06/26/2012

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Term
angi/o
Definition
vessel
Term
aort/o
Definition
aorta
Term
arteri/o
Definition
artery
Term
ather/o
Definition
fatty substance
Term
atri/o
Definition
atrium
Term
cardi/o
Definition
heart
Term
coron/o
Definition
heart
Term
cyan/o
Definition
blue
Term
hemangi/o
Definition
blood vessel
Term
ox/i
Definition
oxygen
Term
ox/o
Definition
oxygen
Term
pericardi/o
Definition
pericardium
Term
phleb/o
Definition
vein
Term
sphygm/o
Definition
pulse
Term
steth/o
Definition
chest
Term
thromb/o
Definition
clot
Term
valv/o
Definition
valve
Term
valvul/o
Definition
valve
Term
ven/o
Definition
vein
Term
ventricul/o
Definition
ventricle
Term
brady-
Definition
slow
Term
tachy-
Definition
fast
Term
-manometer
Definition
instrument to measure pressure
Term
-ole
Definition
small
Term
-sclerosis
Definition
hardening
Term
-stenosis
Definition
narrowing
Term
-tension
Definition
pressure
Term
-ule
Definition
small
Term
endocardium
Definition
the inner layer of the heart that lines the heart chambers; a very smooth, thin layer that serves to reduce friction as the blood passes through the heart chambers
Term
myocardium
Definition
the thick muscular middle layer of the heart
Term
epicardium
Definition
the outer layer of the heart
Term
angiography
Definition
making a record of a vessel
Term
angiorrhaphy
Definition
suturing a vessel
Term
angiospasm
Definition
involuntary muscle contraction of a vessel
Term
angiostenosis
Definition
narrowing of a vessel
Term
aortogram
Definition
record of the aorta
Term
aortic
Definition
pertaining to the aorta
Term
arterial
Definition
pertaining to the artery
Term
arteriole
Definition
small artery
Term
arteriorrhexis
Definition
ruptured artery
Term
arteriosclerosis
Definition
hardening of an artery
Term
atherectomy
Definition
excision of fatty substance
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
hardening with fatty substance
Term
atrial
Definition
pertaining to the atrium
Term
interatrial
Definition
pertaining to between the atria
Term
cardiac
Definition
pertaining to the heart
Term
bradycardia
Definition
state of slow heart
Term
cardiodynia
Definition
heart pain
Term
electrocardiogram
Definition
record of heart electricity
Term
cardiomegaly
Definition
enlarged heart
Term
myocardial
Definition
pertaining to heart muscle
Term
cardiomyopathy
Definition
heart muscle disease
Term
cardiologist
Definition
specialist in the cardiovascular system
Term
cardiorrhaphy
Definition
suture of the heart
Term
tachycardia
Definition
state of fast heart
Term
coronary
Definition
pertaining to the heart
Term
phlebitis
Definition
inflammation of a vein
Term
phlebotomy
Definition
incision in a vein
Term
phleborrhaphy
Definition
suture a vein
Term
valvulitis
Definition
inflammation of a valve
Term
valvular
Definition
pertaining to a valve
Term
venous
Definition
pertaining to a vein
Term
venule
Definition
small vein
Term
venotomy
Definition
incision into a vein
Term
ventricular
Definition
pertaining to a ventricle
Term
interventricular
Definition
pertaining to between the ventricles
Term
auscultation
Definition
process of listening to the sounds within the body by using a stethoscope
Term
bruit
Definition
term used interchangeably with the word murmur; a gentle, blowing sound that is heard during auscultation
Term
cardiology
Definition
the branch of medicine relating to the cardiovascular system
Term
cyanosis
Definition
slightly bluish color of the skin due to a deficiency of oxygen and an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood; it is caused by a variety of disorders, ranging from chronic lung disease to congenital and chronic heart problems
Term
infarct
Definition
area of tissue within an organ or part that undergoes necrosis (death) following the loss of its blood supply
Term
ischemia
Definition
localized and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to an obstruction to the circulation
Term
lumen
Definition
the space, cavity, or channel within a tube or tubular organ or structure in the body
Term
murmur
Definition
an abnormal heart sound such as a soft blowing sound or harsh click; it may be soft and heard only with a stethoscope, or so loud it can be heard several feet away; also referred to as a bruit
Term
palpitations
Definition
pounding, racing heartbeat
Term
pulse
Definition
expansion and contraction of a blood vessel wall produced by blood as it moves through an artery. The pulse can be taken at several pulse points throughout the body where an artery is close to the surface
Term
sphygmomanometer
Definition
instrument for measuring blood pressure; also referred to as a blood pressure cuff
Term
stent
Definition
a stainless steel tube placed within a blood vessel or a duct to widen the lumen
Term
stethoscope
Definition
instrument for listening to body sounds (auscultation), such as the chest, heart, or intestines
Term
aneurysm
Definition
weakness in the wall of an artery that results in localized widening of the artery
Term
angina pectoris
Definition
condition in which there is severe pain with a sensation of constriction around the heart; caused by deficiency of oxygen to the heart muscle
Term
angiocarditis
Definition
inflammation of blood vessels and the heart
Term
angioma
Definition
tumor, usually benign, consisting of a network of blood vessels
Term
angiospasm
Definition
spasm or contraction or smooth muscle in the walls of a blood vessel
Term
aortic stenosis
Definition
narrowing of the aorta
Term
arrhythmia
Definition
irregularity in the heartbeat or action; comes in many different forms; some are not serious, while others are life threatening
Term
arteriosclerosis
Definition
thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries; most often due to atherosclerosis
Term
arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)
Definition
chronic heart disorder caused by a hardening of the walls of the coronary arteries; may lead to coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
the most common form of arteriosclerosis; caused by the formation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol on the inner walls of arteries
Term
cardiac arrest
Definition
complete stopping of heart activity
Term
cardiomyopathy
Definition
general term for a disease of the myocardium; can be caused by alcohol abuse, parasites, viral infection, and congestive heart failure; one of the most common reasons a patient may require a heart transplant
Term
coarctation of the aorta
Definition
severe congenital narrowing of the aorta
Term
congenital septal defect (CSD)
Definition
a hole, present at birth, in the septum between two heart chambers; results in a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; there can be an atrial septal defect (ASD) and a ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Term
congestive heart failure (CHF)
Definition
pathological condition of the heart in which there is a reduced outflow of blood from the left side of the heart because the left ventricle myocardium has become too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, and edema
Term
coronary artery disease (CAD)
Definition
insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle due to an obstruction of one or more coronary arteries; may be caused by atherosclerosis and may cause angina pectoris and myocardial infarction
Term
embolus
Definition
the obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus somewhere else in the body and traveled to the point of obstruction; if it occurs in a coronary artery, it may result in a myocardial infarction
Term
endocarditis
Definition
inflammation of the lining membranes of the heart; may be due to bacteria or to an abnormal immunological response
Term
fibrillation
Definition
an extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by an abnormal quivering or contractions of heart fibers; when this occurs in the ventricles, cardiac arrest and death can occur
Term
flutter
Definition
an arrhythmia in which the atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern
Term
heart block
Definition
occurs when the electrical impulse is blocked from traveling sown the bundle of His or bundle branches; results in ventricles beating at a different rate than the atria; also called a bundle branch block (BBB)
Term
heart valve prolapse
Definition
the cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward throught the valve when the heart chamber contracts; most commonly occurs in the mitral valve, but may affect any of the heart valves
Term
heart valve stenosis
Definition
the cusps of flaps of the heart valve are too stiff; therefore, they are unable to open fully, making it difficult for blood to flow through, or shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward; this condition may affect any of the heart valves
Term
hemangioma
Definition
a benign mass of blood vessels; often causing a visible dark red lesion present from birth; also called a birthmark
Term
hemorrhoid
Definition
varicose veins in the anal region
Term
hypertension (HTN)
Definition
blood pressure above the normal range
Term
hypertensive heart disease
Definition
heart disease as a result of persistently high blood pressure, which damages the blood vessels and ultimately the heart
Term
hypotension
Definition
decrease in blood pressure; can occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death approaches
Term
myocardial infarction (MI)
Definition
condition caused by the partial or complete occlusion or closing of one or more of the coronary arteries; symptoms including a squeezing pain or heavy pressure in the middle of the chest (angina pectoris); a delay in treatment could result in death; also referred to as a heart attack
Term
myocarditis
Definition
inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart wall
Term
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Definition
congenital heart anomaly in which the fetal connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close at birth; this condition requires surgery
Term
pericarditis
Definition
inflammation of the pericardial sac around the heart
Term
peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
Definition
any abnormal condition affecting blood vessels outside the heart; symptoms may include pain, pallor, numbness, and loss of circulation and pulses
Term
polyarteritis
Definition
inflammation of several arteries
Term
Raynaud's phenomenon
Definition
periodic ischemic attacks affecting the extremities of the body, especially the fingers, toes, ears, and nose; the affected extremities become cyanotic and very painful; these attacks are brought on by arterial constriction due to extreme cold or emotional stress
Term
rheumatic heart disease
Definition
valvular heart disease as a result of having had rheumatic fever
Term
tetralogy of Fallot
Definition
combination of four congenital anomalies: pulmonary stenosis, an interventricular septal defect, improper placement of the aorta, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle; needs immediate surgery to correct
Term
thrombophlebitis
Definition
inflammation of a vein that results in the formation of blood clots within the vein
Term
thrombus
Definition
a blood clot forming within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude the blood vessel
Term
varicose veins
Definition
swollen and distended veins, usually in the legs
Term
angiography
Definition
x-rays taken after the injection of an opaque material into a blood vessel; can be performed on the aorta as an aortic angiogram, on the heart as an angiocardiogram, and on the brain as a cerebral angiogram
Term
cardiac catheterization
Definition
passage of a thin tube (catheter) through a blood vessel leading to the heart; done to detect abnormalities, to collect cardiac blood samples, and to determine the blood pressure within the heart
Term
cardiac enzymes
Definition
blood test to determine the level of enzymes specific to heart muscles in the blood; an increase in the enzymes may indicate heart muscle damage such as a myocardial infarction; these enzymes include creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT)
Term
cardiac scan
Definition
patient is given radioactive thallium intravenously and then scanning equipment is used to visualize the heart; it is especially useful in determining myocardial damage
Term
coronary angiography
Definition
radiographic x-ray of the heart and large vessels after the injection of a radiopaque solution; x-rays are taken in rapid sequence as the material moves through the heart
Term
Doppler ultrasonography
Definition
measurement of sound-wave echoes as they bounce off tissues and organs to produce an image; can assist in determining heart and blood vessel damage
Term
echocardiography
Definition
noninvasive diagnostic method using ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures; cardiac valve activity can be evaluated using this method
Term
electrocardiography (ECG,EKG)
Definition
record of the electrical activity of the heart; useful in the diagnosis of abnormal cardiac rhythm and heart muscle (myocardium) damage
Term
Holter monitor
Definition
portable ECG monitor worn by a patient for a period of a few hours to a few days to assess the heart and pulse activity as the person goes through the activities of daily living; used to assess a patient who experiences chest pain and unusual heart activity during exercise and normal activities
Term
serum lipoprotein level
Definition
blood test to measure the amound of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood; an indicator of atherosclerosis risk
Term
stress testing
Definition
method for evaluating cardiovascular fitness; the patient is placed on a treadmill or a bicycle and then subjected to steadily increasing levels of work; an EKG and oxygen levels are taken while the patient exercises; the test is stopped if abnormalities occur on the EKG; also called an exercise test or a treadmill test
Term
venography
Definition
x-ray of the vein by tracing the venous pulse; also called phlebography
Term
aneurysmectomy
Definition
surgical removal of the sac of an aneurysm
Term
angioplasty
Definition
surgical procedure of altering the structure of a vessel by dilating it using a balloon inside the vessel
Term
arterial anastomosis
Definition
surgical joining together of two arteries; performed if an artery is severed or if a damaged section of an artery is removed
Term
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Definition
procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenated air to the lungs for a person in cardiac arrest; a combination of chest compressions (to push blood out of the heart) and artificial respiration (to blow air into the lungs) performed by one or two CPR-trained rescuers
Term
commissurotomy
Definition
surgical incision to change the size of an opening
Term
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Definition
open-heart surgery in which a blood vessel from another location in the body (often a leg vein) is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery
Term
defibrillation
Definition
a procedure that converts serious irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, by giving electric shocks to the heart; also called cardioversion
Term
embolectomy
Definition
removal of an embolus or clot from a blood vessel
Term
endarterectomy
Definition
excision of the diseased or damaged inner lining of an artery; usually performed to remove atherosclerotic plaques
Term
extracorporeal circulation (ECC)
Definition
during open-heart surgery, the routing of blood to a heart-lung machine so it can be oxygentated and pumped to the rest of the body
Term
heart transplantation
Definition
replacement of a diseased or malfunctioning heart with a donor's heart
Term
intracoronary artery stent
Definition
placing a stent within a coronary artery to treat coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis
Term
ligation and stripping
Definition
surgical treatment for varicose veins; the damaged vein is tied off and removed
Term
open-heart surgery
Definition
surgery that involves incision of the heart, coronary arteries, or heart valves
Term
pacemaker implantation
Definition
electrical device that substitutes for the natural pacemaker of the heart; it controls the beating of the heart by a series of rhythmic electrical impulses
Term
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Definition
method for treating localized coronary artery narrowing; a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the coronary artery and inflated to dilate the narrow blood vessel
Term
pericardiocentesis
Definition
insertion of a needle into the pericardial sac for the purpose of aspirating excess fluid around the heart
Term
phlebotomy
Definition
creating an opening into a vein (inserting a needle) to withdraw blood
Term
thrombectomy
Definition
surgical removal of a thrombus or blood clot from a blood vessel
Term
thrombolytic therapy
Definition
drugs, such as streptokinase (SK) or tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), are injected into a blood vessel to dissolve clots and restore blood flow
Term
valve replacement
Definition
excision of a diseased heart valve and replacement with an artificial valve
Term
venipuncture
Definition
puncture into a vein to withdraw fluids or insert medication and fluids
Term
antiarrhythmic
Definition
reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias
Term
anticoagulant
Definition
prevent blood clot formation
Term
antihypertensive
Definition
lowers blood pressure
Term
antilipidemic
Definition
reduces amount of cholesterol and lipids in the bloodstream; treats hyperlipidemia
Term
cardiotonic
Definition
increases the force of cardiac muscle contraction; treats congestive heart failure
Term
diuretic
Definition
increases urine production by the kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume; this results in lower blood pressure
Term
thrombolytic
Definition
dissolves existing blood clots
Term
vasoconstrictor
Definition
contracts smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels; raises blood pressure
Term
vasodilator
Definition
relaxes the smooth muscle in the walls of arteries, thereby increasing diameter of the blood vessel; used for two main purposes: increasing circulation to an ischemic area and reducing blood pressure
Term
AF
Definition
atrial fibrillation
Term
AMI
Definition
acute myocardial infarction
Term
AS
Definition
aortic stenosis, arteriosclerosis
Term
ASCVD
Definition
arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Term
ASD
Definition
atrial septal defect
Term
ASHD
Definition
arteriosclerotic heart disease
Term
AV, A-V
Definition
atrioventricular
Term
BBB
Definition
bundle branch block (L for left; R for right)
Term
BP
Definition
blood pressure
Term
bpm
Definition
beats per minute
Term
CABG
Definition
coronary artery bypass graft
Term
CAD
Definition
coronary artery disease
Term
cath
Definition
catheterization
Term
CC
Definition
cardiac catheterization, chief complaint
Term
CCU
Definition
coronary care unit
Term
CHF
Definition
congestive heart failure
Term
CoA
Definition
coarctation of the aorta
Term
CP
Definition
chest pain
Term
CPK
Definition
creatine phosphokinase
Term
CPR
Definition
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Term
CSD
Definition
congenital septal defect
Term
CV
Definition
cardiovascular
Term
DVT
Definition
deep vein thrombosis
Term
ECC
Definition
extracorporeal circulation
Term
ECG, EKG
Definition
electrocardiogram
Term
ECHO
Definition
echocardiogram
Term
GOT
Definition
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
Term
HDL
Definition
high-density lipoproteins
Term
HTN
Definition
hypertension
Term
ICU
Definition
intensive care unit
Term
IV
Definition
intravenous
Term
JVP
Definition
jugular venous pulse
Term
LDH
Definition
lactate dehydrogenase
Term
LDL
Definition
low-density lipoproteins
Term
LVAD
Definition
left ventricular assist device
Term
LVH
Definition
left ventricular hypertrophy
Term
MI
Definition
myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency
Term
mm Hg
Definition
millimeters of mercury
Term
MR
Definition
mitral regurgitation
Term
MS
Definition
mitral stenosis
Term
MVP
Definition
mitral valve prolapse
Term
NSR
Definition
normal sinus rhythm
Term
P
Definition
pulse
Term
PAC
Definition
premature atrial contraction
Term
PDA
Definition
patent ductus arteriosus
Term
PTCA
Definition
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Term
PVC
Definition
premature ventricular contraction
Term
S1
Definition
first heart sound
Term
S2
Definition
second heart sound
Term
SA, S-A
Definition
sinoatrial
Term
SGOT
Definition
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
Term
SK
Definition
streptokinase
Term
tPA
Definition
tissue-type plasminogen activator
Term
Vfib
Definition
ventricular fibrillation
Term
VLDL
Definition
very low density lipoproteins
Term
VSD
Definition
ventricular septal defect
Term
VT
Definition
ventricular tachycardia
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