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| instrument to measure pressure |
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| the inner layer of the heart that lines the heart chambers; a very smooth, thin layer that serves to reduce friction as the blood passes through the heart chambers |
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| the thick muscular middle layer of the heart |
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| the outer layer of the heart |
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| making a record of a vessel |
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| involuntary muscle contraction of a vessel |
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| excision of fatty substance |
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| hardening with fatty substance |
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| pertaining to between the atria |
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| record of heart electricity |
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| pertaining to heart muscle |
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| specialist in the cardiovascular system |
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| pertaining to a ventricle |
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| pertaining to between the ventricles |
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| process of listening to the sounds within the body by using a stethoscope |
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| term used interchangeably with the word murmur; a gentle, blowing sound that is heard during auscultation |
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| the branch of medicine relating to the cardiovascular system |
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| slightly bluish color of the skin due to a deficiency of oxygen and an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood; it is caused by a variety of disorders, ranging from chronic lung disease to congenital and chronic heart problems |
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| area of tissue within an organ or part that undergoes necrosis (death) following the loss of its blood supply |
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| localized and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to an obstruction to the circulation |
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| the space, cavity, or channel within a tube or tubular organ or structure in the body |
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| an abnormal heart sound such as a soft blowing sound or harsh click; it may be soft and heard only with a stethoscope, or so loud it can be heard several feet away; also referred to as a bruit |
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| pounding, racing heartbeat |
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| expansion and contraction of a blood vessel wall produced by blood as it moves through an artery. The pulse can be taken at several pulse points throughout the body where an artery is close to the surface |
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| instrument for measuring blood pressure; also referred to as a blood pressure cuff |
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| a stainless steel tube placed within a blood vessel or a duct to widen the lumen |
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| instrument for listening to body sounds (auscultation), such as the chest, heart, or intestines |
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| weakness in the wall of an artery that results in localized widening of the artery |
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| condition in which there is severe pain with a sensation of constriction around the heart; caused by deficiency of oxygen to the heart muscle |
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| inflammation of blood vessels and the heart |
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| tumor, usually benign, consisting of a network of blood vessels |
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| spasm or contraction or smooth muscle in the walls of a blood vessel |
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| irregularity in the heartbeat or action; comes in many different forms; some are not serious, while others are life threatening |
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| thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries; most often due to atherosclerosis |
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| arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) |
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| chronic heart disorder caused by a hardening of the walls of the coronary arteries; may lead to coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction |
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| the most common form of arteriosclerosis; caused by the formation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol on the inner walls of arteries |
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| complete stopping of heart activity |
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| general term for a disease of the myocardium; can be caused by alcohol abuse, parasites, viral infection, and congestive heart failure; one of the most common reasons a patient may require a heart transplant |
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| severe congenital narrowing of the aorta |
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| congenital septal defect (CSD) |
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| a hole, present at birth, in the septum between two heart chambers; results in a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; there can be an atrial septal defect (ASD) and a ventricular septal defect (VSD) |
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| congestive heart failure (CHF) |
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| pathological condition of the heart in which there is a reduced outflow of blood from the left side of the heart because the left ventricle myocardium has become too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, and edema |
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| coronary artery disease (CAD) |
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| insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle due to an obstruction of one or more coronary arteries; may be caused by atherosclerosis and may cause angina pectoris and myocardial infarction |
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| the obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus somewhere else in the body and traveled to the point of obstruction; if it occurs in a coronary artery, it may result in a myocardial infarction |
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| inflammation of the lining membranes of the heart; may be due to bacteria or to an abnormal immunological response |
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| an extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by an abnormal quivering or contractions of heart fibers; when this occurs in the ventricles, cardiac arrest and death can occur |
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| an arrhythmia in which the atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern |
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| occurs when the electrical impulse is blocked from traveling sown the bundle of His or bundle branches; results in ventricles beating at a different rate than the atria; also called a bundle branch block (BBB) |
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| the cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward throught the valve when the heart chamber contracts; most commonly occurs in the mitral valve, but may affect any of the heart valves |
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| the cusps of flaps of the heart valve are too stiff; therefore, they are unable to open fully, making it difficult for blood to flow through, or shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward; this condition may affect any of the heart valves |
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| a benign mass of blood vessels; often causing a visible dark red lesion present from birth; also called a birthmark |
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| varicose veins in the anal region |
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| blood pressure above the normal range |
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| hypertensive heart disease |
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| heart disease as a result of persistently high blood pressure, which damages the blood vessels and ultimately the heart |
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| decrease in blood pressure; can occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death approaches |
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| myocardial infarction (MI) |
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| condition caused by the partial or complete occlusion or closing of one or more of the coronary arteries; symptoms including a squeezing pain or heavy pressure in the middle of the chest (angina pectoris); a delay in treatment could result in death; also referred to as a heart attack |
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| inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart wall |
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| patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) |
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| congenital heart anomaly in which the fetal connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close at birth; this condition requires surgery |
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| inflammation of the pericardial sac around the heart |
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| peripheral vascular disease (PVD) |
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| any abnormal condition affecting blood vessels outside the heart; symptoms may include pain, pallor, numbness, and loss of circulation and pulses |
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| inflammation of several arteries |
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| periodic ischemic attacks affecting the extremities of the body, especially the fingers, toes, ears, and nose; the affected extremities become cyanotic and very painful; these attacks are brought on by arterial constriction due to extreme cold or emotional stress |
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| valvular heart disease as a result of having had rheumatic fever |
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| combination of four congenital anomalies: pulmonary stenosis, an interventricular septal defect, improper placement of the aorta, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle; needs immediate surgery to correct |
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| inflammation of a vein that results in the formation of blood clots within the vein |
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| a blood clot forming within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude the blood vessel |
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| swollen and distended veins, usually in the legs |
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| x-rays taken after the injection of an opaque material into a blood vessel; can be performed on the aorta as an aortic angiogram, on the heart as an angiocardiogram, and on the brain as a cerebral angiogram |
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| passage of a thin tube (catheter) through a blood vessel leading to the heart; done to detect abnormalities, to collect cardiac blood samples, and to determine the blood pressure within the heart |
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| blood test to determine the level of enzymes specific to heart muscles in the blood; an increase in the enzymes may indicate heart muscle damage such as a myocardial infarction; these enzymes include creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) |
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| patient is given radioactive thallium intravenously and then scanning equipment is used to visualize the heart; it is especially useful in determining myocardial damage |
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| radiographic x-ray of the heart and large vessels after the injection of a radiopaque solution; x-rays are taken in rapid sequence as the material moves through the heart |
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| measurement of sound-wave echoes as they bounce off tissues and organs to produce an image; can assist in determining heart and blood vessel damage |
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| noninvasive diagnostic method using ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures; cardiac valve activity can be evaluated using this method |
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| electrocardiography (ECG,EKG) |
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| record of the electrical activity of the heart; useful in the diagnosis of abnormal cardiac rhythm and heart muscle (myocardium) damage |
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| portable ECG monitor worn by a patient for a period of a few hours to a few days to assess the heart and pulse activity as the person goes through the activities of daily living; used to assess a patient who experiences chest pain and unusual heart activity during exercise and normal activities |
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| blood test to measure the amound of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood; an indicator of atherosclerosis risk |
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| method for evaluating cardiovascular fitness; the patient is placed on a treadmill or a bicycle and then subjected to steadily increasing levels of work; an EKG and oxygen levels are taken while the patient exercises; the test is stopped if abnormalities occur on the EKG; also called an exercise test or a treadmill test |
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| x-ray of the vein by tracing the venous pulse; also called phlebography |
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| surgical removal of the sac of an aneurysm |
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| surgical procedure of altering the structure of a vessel by dilating it using a balloon inside the vessel |
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| surgical joining together of two arteries; performed if an artery is severed or if a damaged section of an artery is removed |
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| cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) |
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| procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenated air to the lungs for a person in cardiac arrest; a combination of chest compressions (to push blood out of the heart) and artificial respiration (to blow air into the lungs) performed by one or two CPR-trained rescuers |
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| surgical incision to change the size of an opening |
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| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) |
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| open-heart surgery in which a blood vessel from another location in the body (often a leg vein) is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery |
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| a procedure that converts serious irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, by giving electric shocks to the heart; also called cardioversion |
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| removal of an embolus or clot from a blood vessel |
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| excision of the diseased or damaged inner lining of an artery; usually performed to remove atherosclerotic plaques |
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| extracorporeal circulation (ECC) |
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| during open-heart surgery, the routing of blood to a heart-lung machine so it can be oxygentated and pumped to the rest of the body |
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| replacement of a diseased or malfunctioning heart with a donor's heart |
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| intracoronary artery stent |
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| placing a stent within a coronary artery to treat coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis |
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| surgical treatment for varicose veins; the damaged vein is tied off and removed |
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| surgery that involves incision of the heart, coronary arteries, or heart valves |
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| electrical device that substitutes for the natural pacemaker of the heart; it controls the beating of the heart by a series of rhythmic electrical impulses |
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| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) |
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| method for treating localized coronary artery narrowing; a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the coronary artery and inflated to dilate the narrow blood vessel |
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| insertion of a needle into the pericardial sac for the purpose of aspirating excess fluid around the heart |
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| creating an opening into a vein (inserting a needle) to withdraw blood |
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| surgical removal of a thrombus or blood clot from a blood vessel |
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| drugs, such as streptokinase (SK) or tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), are injected into a blood vessel to dissolve clots and restore blood flow |
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| excision of a diseased heart valve and replacement with an artificial valve |
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| puncture into a vein to withdraw fluids or insert medication and fluids |
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| reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias |
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| prevent blood clot formation |
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| reduces amount of cholesterol and lipids in the bloodstream; treats hyperlipidemia |
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| increases the force of cardiac muscle contraction; treats congestive heart failure |
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| increases urine production by the kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume; this results in lower blood pressure |
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| dissolves existing blood clots |
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| contracts smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels; raises blood pressure |
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| relaxes the smooth muscle in the walls of arteries, thereby increasing diameter of the blood vessel; used for two main purposes: increasing circulation to an ischemic area and reducing blood pressure |
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| acute myocardial infarction |
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| aortic stenosis, arteriosclerosis |
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| arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease |
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| arteriosclerotic heart disease |
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| bundle branch block (L for left; R for right) |
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| coronary artery bypass graft |
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| cardiac catheterization, chief complaint |
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| cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
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| extracorporeal circulation |
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| glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase |
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| high-density lipoproteins |
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| left ventricular assist device |
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| left ventricular hypertrophy |
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| myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency |
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| premature atrial contraction |
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| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
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| premature ventricular contraction |
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| serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase |
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| tissue-type plasminogen activator |
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| very low density lipoproteins |
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| ventricular septal defect |
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