Term
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Definition
| an instance in which the delivery of a reinforcer happens to coincide with a particular response, even though that response was not responsible for the reinforcer presentation; also called adventitious reinforcement; considered to be responsible for superstitious behavior |
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Term
| adventitious reinforcement |
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Definition
| same as accidental reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| a pleasant or satisfying stimulus that can be used to positively reinforce an instrumental response |
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Definition
| an unpleasant or annoying stimulus that can be used to punish an instrumental response |
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Definition
| an instrumental conditioning procedure in which the instrumental response prevents the delivery of an aversive stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the value of a reinforcer produced by prior experience with a reinforcer of a higher or lower value; prior experience with a lower valued reinforcer increases reinforcer value (positive) and prior experience with a higher valued reinforcer decreases reinforcer value (negative) |
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Definition
| the idea, originally proposed by Thorndike, that an organism's evolutionary history makes certain responses fit or belong with certain reinforcers; this facilitates learning |
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Definition
| a stimulus that becomes an effective reinforcer because of its association with a primary or unconditioned reinforcer; also called secondary reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| the occurrence of two events, such as a response and a reinforcer, at the same time or very close together in time; also called temporal contiguity |
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Term
| differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) |
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Definition
| an instrumental conditioning procedure in which a positive reinforcer is periodically delivered only if the participant does something other than the target response |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of instrumental conditioning in which the participant can perform the instrumental response only during specified periods, usually determined either by placement of the participant in an experimental chamber or by the presentation of a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| an instrumental conditioning procedure in which the instrumental response terminates an aversive stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of instrumental conditioning that permits repeated performance of the instrumental response without intervention by the experimenter |
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Term
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Definition
| a gradual drift of instrumental behavior away from the responses required for reinforcement to species-typical responses related to the reinforcer and to other stimuli in the experimental situation |
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Term
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Definition
| an activity that occurs because it is effective in producing a particular consequence of reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| a response that has its highest probability in the middle of the interval between successive presentations of a reinforcer, when the reinforcer is not likely to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| the time between the start of a trial (or start of a stimulus) and the instrumental response |
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Term
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Definition
| a mechanism of instrumental behavior, proposed by Thorndike, which states that if a response (R) is followed by a satisfying event in the presence of a stimulus (S), the association between the stimulus and the response (S-R) will be strengthened; if the response is followed by an annoying event, the S-R association will be weakened |
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Term
| learned-helplessness effect |
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Definition
| interference with the learning of new instrumental responses as a result of exposure to inescapable and unavoidable aversive stimulation |
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Term
| learned-helplessness hypothesis |
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Definition
| the proposal that exposure to inescapable and unavoidable aversive stimulation reduces motivation to respond and disrupts subsequent instrumental conditioning because participants learn that their behavior does not control outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a preliminary stage of instrumental conditioning in which a stimulus is repeatedly paired with the reinforcer to enable the participant to learn to go and get the reinforcer when it is presented |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure in which the instrumental response is immediately followed by a distinctive event (the participant is picked up or a flash of light is presented) that makes the instrumental response more memorable and helps overcome the deleterious effects of delayed reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| same as omission training or differential reinforcement of other behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| an instrumental conditioning procedure in which there is a negative contingency between the instrumental response and an aversive stimulus; if the instrumental response is performed, the aversive stimulus is terminated or canceled |
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Term
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Definition
| an instrumental conditioning procedure in which the instrumental response prevents the delivery of a reinforcing stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a response that is defined by the effect it produces in the environment; examples include pressing a lever and opening a door |
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Term
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Definition
| an instrumental conditioning procedure in which there is a positive contingency between the instrumental response and an appetitive stimulus or reinforcer; if the participant performs the response, it receives the reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an instrumental conditioning procedure in which there is a positive contingency between the instrumental response and an aversive stimulus; if the participant does not perform the instrumental response, it does not receive the aversive stimulus |
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Term
| response-reinforcer contingency |
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Definition
| the relation of a response to a reinforcer defined in terms of the probability of getting reinforced for making the response as compared to the probability of getting reinforced in the absence of the response |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement of successive approximations to a desired instrumental response |
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Term
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Definition
| how fast an animal moves down a runway |
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Term
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Definition
| same as conditioned reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that increases in frequency because of accidental pairings of the delivery of a reinforcer with occurrences of the behavior |
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Definition
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Definition
| the time interval between an instrumental response and the reinforcer |
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Definition
| a response that is most likely at the end of the interval between successive reinforcements that are presented at fixed intervals |
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