Term
| Two types of growth curves: Body Size |
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Definition
1. Distance curve: which plots the average size of a sample of children at each age, indicating typical yearly progress toward maturity.
2. Velocity curve: which plots the average amount of growth at each yearly interval, revealing the exact timing of growth spurts. |
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Term
| Two types of growth curves: Body Proportions |
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Definition
1. Cephalocaudal trend: " head to tail" --> during the prenatal period, the head develops first from the primitive embryonic disk, followed by the lower part of the body.
2. Proximodistal trend: growth proceeds, from "near to far" - from the center of the body outward. In the prenatal period, the head, chest, and trunk grow first, then the arms and legs, finally the hands and feet. During infancy and childhood, the arms and legs continue to grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet. |
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Term
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Definition
| the best estimate of a child's physical maturity; it is a measure of development of the bones of the bones of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| special growth centers appear at the two extreme ends of each of the long bones of the body. |
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Term
| Dynamic systems of action |
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Definition
| children integrate previously acquired skills into a more complex system. They revise each skill as their bodies grow larger and stronger, their central nervous systems become better developed, their interests and goals become clearer, and their environments present new challenges. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most important hormones for human growth? |
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Definition
| Pituitary gland: located at the base of the brain near the hypothalamus, a structure that initiates and regulares pituitary secretions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the only pituitary secretion produced continuously throughout life, affects development of all tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals. |
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Term
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size. |
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Term
| How does environment contribute to differences in body size? |
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Definition
Body sometimes reflects evolutionary adaptations to a particular climate.
1. Long, lean physiques are typical in hot, tropical regions.
2. Short, stocky ones in the cold. |
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Term
| Secular trends in physical growth |
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Definition
| changes in body size from one generation to the next; this happens commonly in industrialized countries as they make socioeconomic progress. |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cells, that store and transmit information. |
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Term
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Definition
| between neurons are tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that cross synapses and send messages from neuron to another. |
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Definition
| which takes space for these connective structures: as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die (20 to 80 percent). |
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Term
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Definition
| when neurons are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses and neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted so they can support futre development. |
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Term
| What causes the dramatic increase in brain size during infancy and early childhood? |
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Definition
| about half of the brain's volume is made up of glial cells, which are responsible for myelination, the coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath (called myelin) that improves the |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds the rest of the brain. It is the largest brain structure - accounting for 85% of the brain's weight and containing the greatest number of neurons and synapses. |
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Term
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Definition
| lies in front of areas controlling body movement, is responsible for thought- in particular, consciousness, attention, inhibition of impulses, integration of information, and use of memory, reasoning, planning, and problem-solving strategies. |
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Term
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Definition
specialization of the two hemispheres.
- Left hemisphere: processes information, analytical, and positive emotion.
- Right hemisphere: processing information holistic, integrative manner, spatial information, and negative emotion. |
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Term
| Dominant cerebral hemisphere |
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Definition
| handedness reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain to carry out skilled motor action. |
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Term
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Definition
| located at the rear and base of the brain, a structure that aids in balance and control of body movement. |
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Definition
| a structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness, generates synapses and myelinates from early childhood into adolescence. |
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Term
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Definition
| an inner-brain structure, which plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find out way, undergoes rapid synapse formation and myelination in the second half of the first year. |
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Term
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Definition
| also located in the inner brain, a structure that plays a central role in processing emotional information. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemisphere. |
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Term
| Prefrontal cortex connections |
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Definition
| adolescents recruit the prefrontal cortex's connections with other brain areas less effectively than adults to, because the connections require fine tuning. |
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Term
| Experience-expectant brain growth |
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Definition
| refers to the young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences - opportunities to interact with people, hear language and other sounds, see and touch objects, and move about and explore the environment. |
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Term
| Experience-dependent brain growth |
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Definition
| occurs throughout our lives. It consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that very widely across individuals and cultures. |
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Term
| Benefits of breast feeding |
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Definition
| it offers some protection against respiratory and intestinal infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients. It usually appears in the first year of life when a baby's mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk and bottle-feeding is also inadequate. |
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Term
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Definition
| is caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein. the disease usually strikes after weaning, between 1 and 3 years of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| a greater-than-20 percent increase over healthy weight, based on BMI, which is a ratio of weight to height associated with body fat. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Overweight parents tend to have overweight children --> heredity accounts for the TENDENCY
2. Environment --> income
3. Parental feeding practices
4. Insufficient sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| is a term applied to infants whose weight, height, and head circumference are substantially below age-related growth norms and who are withdrawn and apathetic. In as many as half such cases, a disturbed parent-infant relationship contributes to the failure to grow normally. |
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Term
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Definition
| a growth disorder that appears between 2 and 15 years of age. Typical characteristics include decreased GH secretion, very short stature, immature skeletal age, and serious adjustment problems. |
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