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Chapter 5
EDUC 0800
18
Education
Undergraduate 2
02/23/2013

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Term
experience-expectant
Definition
the brain expects the world will present particular, species universal experiences- patterns of light and dark, various kinds of tastes and odors, language, and the like- and develops in response to those experiences
Term
experience-dependent
Definition
development occurs in response to specific experiences
Term
prefrontal area
Definition
part of the cortex that is located directly behind the forehead and is important to the development of voluntary behaviors
Term
locomotion
Definition
the ability to move around on one's own
Term
social referencing
Definition
infant's tendency to look to their caregiver for an indication of how to feel and act in unfamiliar circumstances
Term
sensorimotor intelligence
Definition
part of Piaget's theory that says young infants understand the world only through their own actions and perceptions; they therefore cannot think about things or people that are not immediately present, seen, heard, felt or acted upon; this changes at 18 months
Term
representational thinking
Definition
at 18 months of age, infants can form mental pictures or images of the world; conceptual world now rather than sensorimotor
Term
primary circular reactions
Definition
repetition of actions that are pleasurable in themselves
Term
secondary circular reactions
Definition
the behavioral characteristic of the third substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage, in which babies repeat actions to produce interesting changes in their environment
Term
intentionality
Definition
the ability to engage in behaviors directed toward achieving a goal
Term
object permanence
Definition
the understanding that objects have substance, maintain their identity when their location is changed, and ordinarily continue to exist when out of sight (starts around 8 months)
Term
tertiary circular reactions
Definition
the 5th stage of the sensorimotor period, characterized by the deliberate variation of action sequences to solve problems and explore the world
Term
representations
Definition
internal, mental symbols of experience; according to Piaget, the ability to form mental symbols emerges during sensorimotor substage
Term
A-not-B-error
Definition
A pattern of reacting in the object permanence task, in which infant looks for the hidden object in location A, where the infant had previously found the object, instead of location B, where the infant has just observed it being hidden
Term
violation of expectations method
Definition
a test of mental representation in which the child is habituated to an event and then presented with possible and impossible variants of the events
Term
dynamic systems approach
Definition
opposes Piaget's theory; says that it is infant's growing abilities to better coordinate all the various systems involved in both sensorimotor and conceptual intelligence required by the task at hand
Term
implicit memory
Definition
recognition of what you have experienced before
Term
explicit memory
Definition
recall of absent objects and events without any clear reminder
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