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Chapter 5
General Concepts of Metabolism, Survey to BIOCHEM
48
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 1
04/12/2013

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Cards

Term
Coenzyme FAD+ and FMH participates in what reaction and originates from what vitamin?
Definition

Reaction: Redox reaction

Vitamin: Riboflavin

Term
NAD+ and NADP+ participate in what reaction and originate from what Vitamin?
Definition

Reaction: Redox

Vitamin: Niacin

Term
Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP) participates in what reaction and originates from what Vitamin?
Definition

Reaction: Decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacid

Vitamin: Thiamine (B1)

Term
Coenzyme A participates in what reaction and originates from what Vitamin?
Definition

Reaction: Acyl group transfer

Vitamin: Pantothenic acid

Term
Carboxylation requires which vitamin?
Definition
Biotin
Term
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) participates in what reaction and originates from what Vitamin?
Definition

Reaction: decarboxylation, transamination, etc. in met of N-containing biomolecules

Vitamin: Pyridoxine

Term
Tetrahydro foliate (THF) participates in what reaction and originates from what Vitamin?
Definition

Reaction: One-C transfer

Vitamin: Folate

Term
Hydroxylation reaction requires which vitamin? (an anti-oxidant)
Definition
Vitamin C
Term
Cyanocobalamin participates in what reaction and originates from what Vitamin?
Definition

Reaction: 2 reactions: methy-THF into THF, proponyl CoA metabolism

Vitamin: Vitamin B12

Term
Signal Transduction
Definition
a process by which a signal molecule binds the cell and stimulates it to carry out one or more biological activities.
Term
The most efficient way to obtain max amount of energy for survival or most cells (except red blood cells) is to what?
Definition
burn nutrients with oxygen
Term

Co2 is removed by the what? (1)

Nitrogen is removed via what? (2)

Heat is removed by what? (3)

The kidneys also maintain what? (4)

Definition

1. lungs

2. kidneys in the form of urea (protein catabolism) and uric acid (nucleotide metabolism)

3. Skin

4. pH

Term
In the lungs, deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) in red blood cells binds to oxygen. This forms what? What is released?
Definition
It forms HbO (oxygenated hemoglobin) and releases Hydrogen in the process
Term
The hydrogen that is released in the Oxygen-hemoglobin binding process combines with what substance (1)? This substance is then transported into the RBC cytoplasm in exchange for what to form CO2 (2)?
Definition

1. HCO3-

2. chloride ion

Term
Carbonic Anhydrase (CAB). Name the function.
Definition
Catalyzed the reaciton of CO2 and H2O in the Red Blood Cell cytoplasm in order to form HCO3- (bicarbonate) and H.
Term
Acidic conditions in the tissues shift the hemoglobin saturation curve to the (1) what? This represents the decreasing (2) what?
Definition

1. right

2. affinity

Term

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Where does it occur?

What does it require?

Definition

The mitochondrial ATP synthase. Occurs during Redox reactions as electrons are transferred to oxygen along the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The released energy is trapped as ATP by this process. ADP + Pi =>ATP.

This reaction requires oxygen.

Term

Substrate level phosphorylation

Where does it occur?

Does it require oxygen?

Definition

The process where energy is obtained when an unstable substrate is transformed into a stable substrate. This does not require Oxygen. Occurs in glycolysis and the TCA cycle. (Cytoplasm)

S-P+ + ADP => ATP + X

S+ + ADP + Pi => ATP + X

Term
Phosphocreatine (creatine kinase) and adenylate kinase
Definition

When muscles require large amounts of energy for a short period of time for survival ATP is made through these enzymes.

Phosphocreatine + ADP creatine kinase> creatine + ATP

ADP + ADP adenylate kinase> ATP + AMP

Term
ATP is (1) unstable because many negative charges on the same molecule repel each other but it is  (2) stable because it requires a high activation energy to break it down. When ATP is broken down, a release of energy occurs causing G to be (3).
Definition

1. thermodynamically

2. kinetically

3. negative

Term
Breaking down AMP and pyrophosphate (PPi) results in a (1) increase in energy than the former method.
Definition
1. Two-fold
Term

Most important thing in metabolism

 

Definition
Energy Metabolism
Term
Glucose enters cells via (1)
Definition
GLUT (glucose transport proteins)
Term

 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff pathway)

What, where, with what enzyme/coenzyme?

Definition

Glucose is converted into pyruvate in the cytoplasm.

Coenzyme: NAD+

Term
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Definition
Converts NADH to NAD+while coverting pyruvate to lactate
Term

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)

What, where, with what coenzyme?

Definition

Converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA in the mitochondria.

Coenzyme: NAD+

Releases CO2

Term
TCA cycle (cirtic acid cycle)
Definition
In the mitochondria. Acetyl CoA enters and it is oxidized releasing protons H+
Term
What happens after the TCA cycle?
Definition
NAD+ and FAD+ become reduced as they pick up the protons from the TCA cycle. =NADH (which goes to complex 1) and FADH2 (which goes to complex 2). They donate their protons to the electron transport chain which results in many redox reactions and a lot of energy.
Term
After the electron transport chain, the protons are accepted by what?
Definition
Oxygen, forming water. The ATP is also trapped via oxidative phosphorylation.
Term

According to the new estimates: NADH=(1), FADH2=(2), acetyl CoA=(3).

According to the old estimates NADH=(4), FADH2=(5), acetyl CoA=(6).

Definition

1. 2.5 ATP

2. 1.5 ATP

3. 10 ATP

4. 3 ATP

5. 2 ATP

6. 12 ATP

Term
Glycogenesis vs. Glycogenolysis
Definition

Glycogenesis= glucose is converted to and stored as glycogen when cell energy is high

Glycogenolysis= glycogen is broken down into glucose when cell energy is low

Term
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMS)
Definition

Another way that glucose may be metabolized, uses NADP+ as coenzyme and occurs in the cytoplasm.

Generates: NADPH (required for fatty acid synthesis), glutathione (GSH),

Ribose (nucleotide synthesis)

Term
Citrate from the TCA cycle yields acetly CoA which is converted into (1) for storage in the adipose cells when energy is high in the cell.
Definition
1. Triglycerides
Term
B (beta)- Oxidation
Definition

When energy is low in the cell, triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids by this.

This yields acetyl CoA which can be broken down in the central pathway

Term
Cholesterol
Definition
Synthesized from Acetyl CoA. Excess is removed from the body via bile salts->liver->gall bladder -> intestine
Term
Fatty acid synthesis
Definition
Acetyl CoA converted into Fatty acids with NADPH coenzyme
Term
Fatty acids may be converted into (1) for membranes and surfactants
Definition
1. amphilic lipids
Term
Proteins are broken down into amino acids during prolonged starvation, they are then broken down into intermediates of the central pathway. The nitrogen is then...
Definition
Converted into urea by the urea cycle in the liver. Urea is excreted in urine by the kidneys
Term
Gluconeogenesis
Definition
conversion of pyruvate to glucose-6-P
Term
Oxidoreductase enzymes
Definition

ex: dehydrogenase, oxidase, and oxygenase

catalyze redox reactions in which there es transfer of O, H, or atoms from one substrate to another.

Coenzymes: NAD+, NADP+, FAD

Involves oxidation and removal of COOH (carboxyl group as CO2.

Term

Transferase enzymes

Common name for enzyme that catalyze phosphorylation reactions is what?

Definition

trasnfer a functional group from one molecule to another. (P to ATP)

Common name for enzyme that catalyze phosphorylation reactions is kinase

Term

Hydrolase enzymes

What are hydrolases that break specific peptide bonds between amino acids in a protein? (1)

2. What breaks bonds between carbs (mono and polysaccharides?

3. Hydrolases that break phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides in nucleic acids

4. Breaks esters between fatty acids

Definition

Catalyze reactions where water is used to break bonds in larger molecules to yield monomers (C-C, C-O).

1. Proteases such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and clotting factors

2. amyalse

3. nucleases

4. ligases

Term
Isomerase
Definition
type of molecule enzyme that rearranges atoms in a substrate molecule (ketone to an aldehyde)
Term
Ligase
Definition

class of enzymes that join two molecules together using energy from ATP or another nucleotide

CO2 addition = carboxylase in carboxylation

CO2 elimination= decarboxylase in decarboxylation

Term
Net equation for glycolysis?
Definition
C6H12O6 + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2 Pi= 2C3H3O3 + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H2O
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