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| A social position that is within our power to change |
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| The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are engaged primarily in the production of food, but they increase their crop yields through technological innovations such as the plow. |
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| Loss of control over our creative human capacity to produce, separation from the products we make, and isolation from our fellow producers. |
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| A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics. |
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| person’s online representation as a character, whether in the form of a 2-D or 3-D image or simply through text. |
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| A component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency. |
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| The process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technical-rational decision making in the pursuit of efficiency. |
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| An approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards. |
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| A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal. |
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| A close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members. |
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| A community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values |
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| Overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy. |
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| Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis. |
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| A preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods. |
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| An approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization. |
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| Hunting-and-gathering society |
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Definition
| A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive. |
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| An abstract model of the essential characteristics of a phenomenon. |
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| A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services. |
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| Any group or category to which people feel they belong. |
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| The principle that all organizations, even democratic ones, tend to develop into a bureaucracy ruled by an elite few. |
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| A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general position in society. |
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| The process by which the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control shape organization and decision making in the United States and around the world. |
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| Social cohesion based on shared experiences, knowledge, and skills in which things function more or less the way they always have, with minimal change. |
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| A collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor. |
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| A group or category to which people feel they do not belong. |
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| A principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. |
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| A society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information |
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| A technologically sophisticated, pluralistic, interconnected, globalized society. |
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| A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. |
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| ny group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior. |
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| The situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social statuses held by the same person. |
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| The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity. |
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| The difficulty that arises when the same social status imposes conflicting demands and expectations. |
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| Scientific management approach |
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| Another name for the classical theory of formal organizations. |
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| A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding. |
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| An organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. |
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| The shared experiences through which people relate to one another. |
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| A series of social relationships that links individuals directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people. |
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| A set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status. |
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| The way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships. |
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| The social positions we occupy relative to others. |
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| The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice potential problems. |
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