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Chapter 5
Evolution,Origins, Niches,& Adaptation
54
Science
9th Grade
09/15/2008

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Term
Prokaryotic/ex's
Definition
organism with cells less omplex and organized compared to eukaryotic organism's cells; no distinct, membrane-bound nucleus, DNA is scattered throughout the cell and can easily be damaged/bacteria
Term
Eukaryotic/ex's
Definition
Organism with cells more complex and organized compared to prokaryotic organism's cells; distinct, membrane-bound nucleus with DNA inside/humans
Term
Binomial nomenclature/What are the rules?
Definition
A system for naming living organisms by their two parts Latin name(1st part-genus, 2nd part-specific specie)/The name of the genus must be capitalized and the name of the specie must be loer-cased, the entire name is underlined
Term
What are the 7 cattegories for the classification of living things in order from broadest to narrowest?
Definition
Kingdom, Phylom, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Specie
Term
Evolution
Definition
slow process of change
Term
How did first life forms emerge, based on Miller's and Uriy's experiment?
Definition
cloud of cosmic dust condensed into planet Earth, liquified due to heat of radoiactive decaying elements in its interior and meteorite collisions. Volcanic eruptions omitted water vapors and other gases(not O2), Lightning, UV caused the molecules to form organic molecules(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, RNA, and finally- PROTOCELLS OR ORGANELLES), protocells got trapped by phospholipids and started to function together in a CELL
Term
Phospholipid
Definition
Types of lipids, main components of biological membranes
Term
Abiogensis/Who first suggested such idea?/Who proved it true through experimentation?
Definition
Belief that life comes from the chemical synthesis(combination of 2 or more elements to form something new)/Oparin/ Miller and Uriy
Term
What was Miller's and Uriy's experiment?
Definition
They collected all the gases present in the early atmosphere(not O2) and caused them to react by striking them with lightning from electrodes. Amino acids were produced, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids-RNA, and finally protocells
Term
What was Miller's and Uriy's experiment?
Definition
They collected all the gases present in the early atmosphere(not O2) and caused them to react by striking them with lightning from electrodes. Amino acids were produced, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids-RNA, and finally protocells
Term
Theory of Endosymbotic Evolution/Who suggested it?
Definition
The belief that protocells(organelles) got trapped by phospholipids and started to function together through symbiosis in a cell. Prokaryotic cells(Anaerobic Prokaryotes) evolved from the early protocells and Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells./Lynn Margulis
Term
Evolution of organisms in order
Definition
Early protocells -> anaerobic prokaryotes in sea -> photosynthetic cyanobacteria(1st photosynthetic cells, which built up O2 level and caused the formation of ozone-protection from UV light)-> eukaryotes in sea -> invertibrates in sea -> vertibrates in sea-> green plants on land -> amphibians and insects on land -> reptiles-> mammals -> humans
Term
Fossil record is incomplete because
Definition
Some fossils decomposed, some life forms were totally organic leaving no fossialized evidence at all
Term
In fossils DNA is ________ __ ________
Definition
replaced by minerals
Term
microevolution/ex.
Definition
small genetic changes that occur within a population of species/Natural selection, mutations
Term
Three necessary conditions for natural selection to occur
Definition
-genetic variation between members of species
-the trait must enable individuals to survive better and reproduce more offspring (differential reproduction)than other members of the population
-the traits must be passed on to offspring
Term
adaptation
Definition
inheriting a trait that enables better suvival and reproduction
Term
Are adaptations 1.- the sources of new genes or is it 2.-limited to genes already present among population? Name the alternative.
Definition
2/mutations
Term
How is adaptation worthwile?
Definition
All organisms in a population without that beneficial trait may die before enough organisms with the trait reproduce, but all-the same, organisms have to die and become infertile for that specific trait to become common
Term
Natural selection
Definition
Process in which an alleles or alleles for specific beneficiary trait become more common(frequent) in gene pool or among population
Term
Summarize the moth microevolution
Definition
*England
*High # of light moth, camouflaged by lichen, and low # of dark moth
*Mid 1800's- industrial revolution=POLLUTION
*Air quality diminishing/no laws restricting pollution
*Tree Lichen, sensitive to pollution, die
* Light-colored moth less common because of lack of lichen camouflage, dark moth number increase
Term
Mutations
Definition
random and rare changes in DNA as NEW GENES are formed in genetic pool because of a)mistakes that occur during reproduction, DNA copied wrong b)as resoult of mutagens(UV light, X-rays, certain chemicals-pollutants)
Term
What are the three types of natural selection
Definition
directional,stabilizing, and diversifying or disruptive
Term
What is directional natural selection
Definition
Process by which one of the extremes(less common traits) becomes common and the normal/average(common trait) becomes less frequent
Term
What is stabilizing natural selection
Definition
Process by which the Normal or average trait(common trait) remains the Normal or average(common trait) as organisms are well adapted
Term
What's diversifying/disruptive natural selection
Definition
Process by which both extremes(less common traits) become common and normal/average trait(common trait) becomes less frequent within gene pool
Term
Coevolution
Definition
when 2 organisms interact(prey& predator or assistants) and cause each other's microevolution
Term
Define niche and include ex's
Definition
the role an organism plays in nature(what does it do?)for ex.- pollinator, prey, predator...and its way of life for ex.-range of tolerance, resources it uses and how, interaction with living and non-living parts of an ecosystem,place it takes in energy pyramid, and how does it recycle matter
Term
Why is examining a species' niche important?
Definition
judge the environmental changes we make in the ecosystem of the organism and prevent the organism's exinction
Term
FUNDAMENTAL niche
Definition
the full range of physical, chemical, and biological conditions and resources a specie could use if competition didn't exist
Term
realized niche
Definition
Species only occupy a portion of its fundamental niche to survive and avoid competition for the same resources
Term
Characterize generalist species/ex's
Definition
Broad niches
-live in many places
-eat a variety of food
- tolerate wide changes of environmental conditions/cockroaches, rats, flies, humans, racoons
Term
characterize specialist species/ex's
Definition
narrow niche
-only in one type of habitat
-only one food source
-toleration for only narrow range of climate conditions
Polar bears, giant panda, red-cockaded woodpecker
Term
are the specialist or generalist species more prone to extinction?
Definition
specialist
Term
macroevolution
Definition
Large scale(compiled) evolutionary changes(mutations+natural selection) that lead the appearance of new species
Term
What are two types of macroevolution
Definition
speciation(divergent evolution), convergent
Term
explain speciation(divergent evolution)
Definition
Development of 2 new species from one specie as a result of many natural selections(reproductive isolation) that occur to help the organisms survive in the region, when natural barrier divides the specie polpulation , isolating the two groups in two different regions,(geographical isolation) and mutations(reproductive isolation) that further individualize the two isolated groups of the same population:two different species now that can't interbreed
Term
DNA is ________ in comparison between two emerged species from one in the speciation
Definition
not identical
Term
convergent macroevolution
Definition
Process by which organisms of different taxonomic classes(phylum or class) develop resemblence fue to adaptation to the similar environment
Term
What examples of natural barriers can cause isolation between organisms of the same specie in divergent evolution?
Definition
volcano, river, mountain range, road
Term
r-selected species/type of specie
Definition
species that have high population growth because they reproduce early and quickly and in large numbers(generalist niche)
Term
k-slected species/type of specie
Definition
Have lower population growth rate in comparison to r-selected species because of late reproduction age, reproduction not being rapid, and few offspring/specialist
Term
Which species have higher ability ro compete?
Definition
specialist/k-selected species
Term
Background extinction
Definition
lOW-RATE Extinction of local species that occurrs due to changes in local environment's CONDITIONS(affects small area)
Term
Mass extinction
Definition
A SHORT-term extinction of major groups of species(25-70%) that occurrs as a result of GLOBAL change in environmental conditions
Term
Scientists predict that __% of all species ever existant are now extinct
Definition
99.9
Term
How long do species last?
Definition
4-22 million years
Term
Extinction of one species is the _________for other(new) species
Definition
opportunity
Term
Adaptative radiation
Definition
Period(millions of years) in which new species develop, spread, and occupy the vacant niches after mass extinction
Term
Biodiversity formula
Definition
speciation+extinction
Term
Extinctions _______ biodiversity, but create ______________________________
Definition
reduce, opportunities for new organisms -> further speciation
Term
Why can't genetic engineering cannot replace lost species
Definition
Genetic engineering is the technique used to rearrange the DNA of an organisms by transferring genes from another, it doesn't create new genes- the genes not present today, but present earlier- the genes of lost species
Term
explain punctuated equilibrium hypotheses
Definition
organisms live undisturbed for a million years(no change occurs), catastrophic event occurs resulting in a lot of organisms adapting, continuous cycle...
Term
explain gradualist hypotheses
Definition
change in organisms never stops, it continuous and slow
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