Term
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Definition
| change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience |
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Definition
| process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli |
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Definition
| form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| unconditional stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
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Term
| unconditional response (UCR) |
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Definition
| automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned |
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Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| learning phase during which a conditioned response is established |
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Definition
| gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| displaying a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus |
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Term
| higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to elicit the behavior in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| grasping the nature of a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised |
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Term
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Definition
| outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior |
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Definition
| removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction than only occasional reinforcement |
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Term
| schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| pattern of reinforcing a behavior |
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Term
| fixed ration (FR) schedule |
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Definition
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses |
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Term
| fixed interval (FI) schedule |
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Definition
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval |
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Term
| variabel ratio (VR) schedule |
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Definition
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly |
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Term
| variabel interval (VI) schedule |
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Definition
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly |
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Term
| shaping by successive approximations |
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Definition
| conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target |
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Term
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Definition
| principle that a less frequently performed behavior can be increased in frequency by reinforcing it with a more frequent behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| item or outcome that naturally increases target behavior |
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Definition
| learning that's not directly observable |
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Term
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Definition
| mental representation of how a physical space is organized |
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Definition
| learning by watching others |
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Term
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Definition
| assumption that any conditioned stimulus can be associated equally well with any unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's preferred or optimal method of acquiring new information |
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