Term
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Definition
| A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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Definition
| A response that is natural and needs no training. |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| Conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| A response that, after conditioning follows a previously neutral stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a preciously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process that occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus; the more similar the two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weekend, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again. |
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Term
| Schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior. |
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Term
| Continous reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs. |
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Term
| Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses rather than after a fixed number. |
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Term
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Definition
| A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number. |
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Term
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Definition
| A schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low. |
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Term
| Variable-interval schedule |
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Definition
| A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. |
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Term
| Cognitive learning theory |
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Definition
| An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model. |
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