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Chapter 5
Learning
29
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/05/2010

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Term
Learning
Definition
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.
Term
Neutral Stimulus
Definition
A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest.
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Definition
A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.
Term
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Definition
A response that is natural and needs no training.
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
A once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Conditioned response (CR)
Definition
A response that, after conditioning follows a previously neutral stimulus.
Term
Extinction
Definition
A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a preciously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.
Term
Spontaneous recovery
Definition
The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning.
Term
Stimulus generalization
Definition
The process that occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus; the more similar the two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur.
Term
Stimulus discrimination
Definition
The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli.
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weekend, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.
Term
Positive reinforcer
Definition
A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.
Term
Negative reinforcer
Definition
An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.
Term
Punishment
Definition
A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again.
Term
Schedules of reinforcement
Definition
Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior.
Term
Continous reinforcement schedule
Definition
Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs.
Term
Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule
Definition
Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time.
Term
Fixed-ration schedule
Definition
A schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
Term
Variable-ratio schedule
Definition
A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
Term
Fixed-interval schedule
Definition
A schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
Term
Variable-interval schedule
Definition
A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.
Term
Shaping
Definition
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Term
Behavior modification
Definition
A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
Term
Cognitive learning theory
Definition
An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.
Term
Latent learning
Definition
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it.
Term
Observational learning
Definition
Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model.
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