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| members of the species Homo sapiens, which includes all living humans. Characterized by larger brains, globular braincase, vertical forehead, reduced brow ridges, and reduced body mass (relative to Neanderthals). Unique pelvic shape. |
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| the species name for modern humans. Characterized by larger brains, globular braincase, vertical forehead, reduced brow ridges, and reduced body mass (relative to Neanderthals). Unique pelvic shape. |
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| the archaeological period of the earliest modern humans in Africa. It began between 300/200.000 and ended 40.000. great tool variability, possible introduction of art, explotation of shellfish. |
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| a north African stone tool industry distinguished by the presence of points with a pronounced tang – a small projection located at the base of the point and used to secure the point to a spear. |
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| a middle stone age industry found in central and east Africa. Characterized by very crude heavy-duty tools, the sangoan/lupemban might be indicative of an adaptation to a heavily wooded environment. |
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| a middle stone age industry found in southern Africa that is characterized by small crescent-shaped stone tools. |
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| a site in south Africa where pieces of ochre with incised decoration were found in middle stone age level dated to 77.000 |
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| the archaeological period that saw the earliest occupation of europe by modern humans. 50/30.000 - 10/12.000 |
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| Neanderthal populations in Europe were replaced by invading populations of modern humans during the period between 40,000 and 30,000 years ago. The archaeological transition is the direct result of this replacement. Neanderthals were a distinct species that evolved parallel to modern humans and then became extinct |
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| there was an influx of modern humans into Europe, but extinction did not happen as a result of the influx, they disappeared as a result of substantial interbreeding with modern humans. The archaeological transition is because of interaction between Neanderthals and modern humans. |
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| With the spread of Homo erectus out of Africa, there was continuous gene flow between populations. Neanderthals evolved locally into modern humans as the result of a continuous gene flow between European and African populations. |
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| an archaeological industry found in eastern Europe during the transition between the middle paleolithic and upper paleolithic. Bifacially retouched tools are characteristic. |
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| an archaeological industry found in Italy during the transition between middle paleolithic and upper paleolithic. Arched-backed knives are characteristic of the Ulluzian. |
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| an archaeological industry found in France and northern Spain identified as transitional between the middle paleolithic and upper paleolithic. 40 – 35.000. |
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| the earliest upper paleolithic period. Their industries have been found on sites across Europe and the middle east. 40 – 26.000 – bladlets and split based bone points. Also common are microliths and dufour bladelets – used as elements of complex tools |
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| The second major upper paleolithic archaeological period in Europe with dates from 26-23.000 and characterized by small hunting points. There are Venus figurines as well as vulture bone flutes. |
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| 23-20.000 – bifacial points. Here you will find a laurel leaf made through pressure flaking. |
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| 20-11.000 – bone harpoons. Some art was carved onto tools – some was artistic depictions, and others appear to be rows of dots and lines – likely some kind of information keeping system. |
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| portable art objects that are found with the gravettian industry and that depict the female body. |
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| sophisticated metaphysical system – some people believe caves to be this. |
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