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a system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules.
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| an instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning. Screams, coughs, signs for example, are signals that convey some kind of emotional or physical state. |
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the modern scientific study of all aspects of language.
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| the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language. |
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| the study of language sounds. |
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| the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning in a language. This may be done by a process called the minimal-pair test. Bit and pit. “Butter” or “budder”. |
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| the study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language (including such things as rules concerning verb tense, pluralization, and compound words). |
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| the smallest unit of sound that carries a meaning in language. It is distinct from a phoneme, which can alter meaning but has no meaning itself. |
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| the patterns or rules by which morphemes are arranged into phrases and sentences. |
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the entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax.
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a group of languages descended from a single ancestral language.
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the development of different languages from a single ancestral language.
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in linguistics, a method for identifying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor. It is based on analyzing core vocabularies.
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the most basic and long-lasting words in any language-pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects.
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the attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms.
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the study of the relationship between language and society through examining how social categories (such as age, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation, and class) influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech.
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| distinct male and female speech patterns, which vary across social and cultural settings. |
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varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible.
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changing from one level of language to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another.
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| a branch of linguistics that studies the relationships between language and culture and how they mutually influence and inform each other. |
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| the idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language. |
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the idea that language to some extent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us; sometimes called the sapir-whorf hypothesis after its originators Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf.
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| facial expressions and bodily postures and motions that convey intended as well as subconscious messages. |
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a system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and bodily motions that convey messages.
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the cross-cultural study of humankind’s perception and us of space.
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voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning. These include vocalizations such as giggling, groaning, or sighing, as well as voice qualities such as pitch and tempo.
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a language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning.
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- referring to things and events removed in time and space.
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| a set of visible or tactile signs used to represent units of language in a systematic way. |
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| a series of symbols representing the sounds of a language arranged in a traditional order. |
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