Term
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Definition
building of proteins
ex. peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
breaking down of compounds,
ex. breaking down glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymatically catalyzed chemical rxn in a cell which are determined by enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| release of energy (catabolic reaction) |
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Term
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Definition
| requires input of energy (anabolic reaction) |
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Term
| how much faster can a reaction run with enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| proteins in nature can also be made of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| final structure of an enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| protein part of an enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
non-protein part of an enzyme,
can be metal ions or coenzymes |
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Term
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Definition
organic cofactor
ex. NAD+, FAD, CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate formed when substrate binds to enzyme |
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Term
| in what structure(s) of an enzyme will the active site be present? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a denatured protein? |
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Definition
| unfolded protein (not destroyed) loses shape because H bonds broken |
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Term
| what effect does temperature have on enzyme activity? |
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Definition
| slight increase will make reaction run faster but beyond threshold protein in denatured |
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Term
competitive inhibition
+ examples |
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Definition
inhibitor binds to active site and denatures protein
ex. sulfanilamide blocks PABA |
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Term
| noncompetitive inhibition (allosteric inhibition) |
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Definition
inhibitor does not bind to active site, instead binds to allosteric site and changes shape
ex. metal chelators, eg EDTA |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of H atom (1 proton and 1 electron) |
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Term
| reduced compounds have a lot of |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uses organic/inorganic compounds as a source of energy |
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Term
| can bacteria respire and ferment? |
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Definition
yes.
ex. E. Coli. will undergo aerobic respiration in O2 and fermentation in lack of O2 |
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Term
| what is the complete eqn for glucose metabolism in aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
EMP Enbden Meyerhof Parnas
Entner - D
PPP |
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Term
|
Definition
| No, presence not required |
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Term
| End products of glycolysis via EMP |
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Definition
2 NADH
2 ATP
2 Pyruvic Acid |
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Term
| what are the 3 mechanisms for ATP production? |
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Definition
substrate level phosphorylation
-uses energy from exergonic reaction (glycolysis)
oxidative phosphorylation
-uses energy from ETC to phosphorlate ADP
photophosphorylation
-photosynthesis supplies energy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
-2 species
-products
-why use it? |
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Definition
Pseudomonas, Rhizobium
2 pyruvic acid and 1 ATP
Lack enzymes for EMP
-considered a true alternative to EMP |
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Term
PPP
-2 species
-what does it break down?
-net gain |
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Definition
-E coli and B subtilis
-glucose and pentoses
-1 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. ribose-5-phophate -> nucleic acid
2. NADPH - > fatty acids |
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Term
|
Definition
can break down pentose, produces reducing power NADPH
occurs simultaneously with EMP |
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Term
| complete eqn of transition step |
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Definition
| 2 Pyruvate -> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2NADH + 2CO2 |
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Term
| complete eqn of Kreb's cycle |
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Definition
| 2 pyruvic acid -> 4CO2 + 2ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the diverse nature of the ETC? |
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Definition
| its composition will vary in different bacteria |
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Term
| 3 classes of electron carriers |
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Definition
Ubiquinone, Flavoproteins, cytochrome
(UFC) |
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Term
what electron acceptors are used in ETC?
What is not used? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of ETC? |
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Definition
| oxidation and resupply of NADH and FADH2 |
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Term
| In aerobic respiration, what steps use substrate level phosphoration to create ATP? |
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Definition
| glycolysis (2) and Kreb's cycle (2) |
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Term
| How many ATP are produced in ETC and where do they come from? |
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Definition
34 total;
Glycolysis = 2NADH x 3ATP/each = 6 ATP
Transition step = 2NADH x 3ATP/each = 6 ATP
Kreb's = 6NADH x 3ATP/each = 18 ATP
2 FADH2 x 2ATP/each = 4 ATP |
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Term
| Why does anaerobic respiration yield less energy than aerobic? |
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Definition
| Final electron acceptor releases less energy than oxygen |
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Term
| List anaerobic electron acceptors and products |
|
Definition
Acceptors:
NO3-
SO4-
CO3(2-)
Products:
NO2-, N2, H20
H2S, H20
CH4, H20 |
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Term
| How does eqn for aerobic respiration change during anaerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
O2 replaced by NO3-, SO4-, or CO3(2-)
less ATP produced, additional products.
CO2 will be produced if organic compound is E source.
Water produced from electron acceptors. |
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Term
| what are the steps of protein catabolism? |
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Definition
| protein, amino acids, organic acid, kreb's |
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Term
| what enzyme breaks down lipids and what are the 2 potential products? |
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Definition
| lipase; glycerol or fatty acid; turned into Acetal CoA; kreb's |
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Term
|
Definition
| use inorganic compounds as source of energy in respiration |
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Term
What are the steps in inorganic respiration?
By what method is ATP produced?
what is the final electron acceptor? |
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Definition
ETC
oxidative phosphorylation
can be oxygen, might not be oxygen |
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Term
Sulfur bacteria
source of E?
byproduct?
example? |
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Definition
H2S
H2SO4
Thiobacillus, Beggiatoa |
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Term
| what is bioleaching and who does it? |
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Definition
| release of metal ions into environment, sulfur oxidizing bacteria |
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Term
| What nitrifyer converts ammonia to nitrite? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what nitrifyer converts nitrite to nitrate? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| to replenish oxygen and nitrogen in soil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| glycolysis, pyruvic acid, different enzymes |
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Term
| End fermentation product of Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Bacillus |
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Definition
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Term
| End fermentation products of yeast |
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Definition
|
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Term
| end fermentation products of Propionoicbacterium |
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Definition
| propionoic acid, acetic acid, CO2, H2 |
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Term
| End fermentation products of Escherichia and Salmonella |
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Definition
| ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, CO2, H2 |
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Term
| During what step in fermentation is ATP produced and by what process? And how many? |
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Definition
| glycolysis, substrate level phosphorylation, 2 |
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Term
| what is end goal of fermentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is final electron acceptor in fermentation? |
|
Definition
| organic molecule such as pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| what products is lactic acid used in? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what products is propionoic acid used in? |
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Definition
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