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Definition
| the sum of all chemical reactions |
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| chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances |
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| simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules |
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| proteins that are produced by living cells, that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. they operate at low temperatures and the names usually end in -ase |
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| enzymes consisting of a protein portion and a non protein portion |
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Definition
| the protein portion of a holenzyme |
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| the non-protein portion of a holoenzyme. can be a metal ion or a complex organic molecules |
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| a specialized cofactor. it is a complex organic molecule (NAD+, NADP+, FMN, FAD, or coenzyme A) |
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Definition
| when an enzyme and substrate combine, the substrate is transformed and then enzyme is recovered. |
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Definition
| when enzymes are exposed to high temperatures and they subsequently lose their catalytic properties |
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Definition
| compete with the normal substrate for the active site of the enzyme |
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Term
| non-competetive inhibitors |
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Definition
| act on the other parts of the apoenzyme or on the cofactor and decrease the enzyme's ability to combine with the normal substrate |
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Definition
| the removal of one or more electrons from a substrate |
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Definition
| the gain of one or more electrons |
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Definition
| when a phosphate is added to an ADP molecule to make it into ATP |
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| substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| when a high energy phosphate from an intermediate catabolism is added to ADP |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain) |
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Definition
| energy is released as electrons are passed to a series of electron acceptors and finally to O2 or another inorganic compound |
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Definition
| a series of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions that store energy in and release energy from organic molecules |
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Definition
| the most common pathway for the oxidation of glucose. pyruvic acid is the end product. 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule. there is an energy conserving stage and an energy consuming stage |
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Term
| pentose-phosphate pathway |
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Definition
| used to metabolize five-carbon sugars; one ATP and 12 NADH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule |
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Definition
| yields one ATP and two NADPH molecules from one glucose |
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Definition
| during respiration, organic molecules are oxidized. energy is generated from the electron transport chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| O2 functions as the final acceptor. prokaryotes produce 38 ATP molecules from complete oxidation of one glucose molecule in glycolysis, the krebs cycle, and the e- transport chain. eukaryotes can only produce 36 ATP. it takes more energy to get NADH into the mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| the final e- acceptor includes nitrate, sulfate and carbonate. the total ATP yield is less than aerobic because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| decarboxylation of pyruvic acid produces one CO2 molecule and one acetyl group. This is the intermediate step between glycolysis and the krebs cycle. 2 C acetyl groups are oxidized in the krebs cycle. e- are picked up by NAD+ and FAD for the e- transport chain. produces 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| e- are brought to the e- transport chain by NADH. the e- transport chain consists of carriers that are in turn oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain. |
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Term
| the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP generation |
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Definition
| protons being pumped across the membrane generate a proton motive force as e- move through a series of acceptors and carriers. energy produced from movement of the protons back across the membrane is used by ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP and phosphates. in eukaryotes, the ETC is located in the inner membrane of mitochindria, the plasma membrane in prokaryotes |
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Definition
| releases energy from sugars by oxidation. O2 is not required. 2 ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorylation. the final e- acceptor is an organic molecule. |
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Definition
| pyruvic acid is reduced by NADH to produce lactic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| acetaldyyde is reduced by NADH to produce ethanol |
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Term
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Definition
| can use the pentose phosphate pathway to produce lactic acid and others |
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Term
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Definition
| produces lactic acid only |
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Term
| lipid and protein catabolism |
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Definition
| lipases hydrolyze lipids into glycerol and fatty acids. catabolic products can be further broken down in glycolysis and the krebs cycle. before amino acids can be catabolized, they must be converted to various substances that enter the krebs cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| anabolic and catabolic reactions are integrated through a group of common intermediates |
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