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| the capacity to perform work. |
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| is when an object moves against an opposing force (gravity or friction) |
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| (thermal energy), is the kinetic energy that is associated with the movement of molecules in matter |
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| a form of kinetic energy that's harnessed to do work (photosynthesis) |
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| stored energy as a result of the objects position |
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| potential energy within molecules, most important form of energy within living things |
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| the study of energy transformations |
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| The organism that is being studied |
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| is everything outside of the system |
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| takes in and releases energy to its surroundings |
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| 1st Law of Thermodynamics- |
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| (the law of energy conservation), energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. Earth always has the same amount of energy present |
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| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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| energy conversions increase entropy and decrease order |
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| the amount of chaos in a cell/living organism |
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| What is lost in energy transformations? |
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| Most often energy can be, however some energy becomes unusable |
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| How do things maintain order? |
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| the cells create ordered structures |
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| takes energy into the cell, it yeilds things with higher potential energy than it originally has |
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| the process by which sunlight is taken in and its energy is used to break down foods (endergonic) |
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| releases energy, starts with a higher rate of potential energy than it releases |
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| uses oxygen to convert chemical energy into useable energy within a cell |
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| What are ATP's used for in a cell? |
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| immediate fuel/source of energy |
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| is all exergonic and endergonic reactions that occur in a cell |
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| when exergonic reactions fuel endergonic reactions |
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| What does adenine consist of? |
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| adene, nitrogenous base, ribose (5 glucose molecules) |
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| through phosphorylation (hydrolysis) |
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| 3 types of cellular work- |
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| chemical, mechanical and transport |
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| the amount of energy that a cell must absorb to start a chemical reaction |
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| a protein that speeds up the activation of chemical reactions by lowering the energy barrier |
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| the reactant that an enzyme acts on |
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| region of the enzyme that hold the substrate |
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| How many different types of substrates can 1 active site hold? |
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| When an active site forms closer to a substrate so that it fits |
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| What is it called when a cell is ruined by an outward condition? |
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| 3 things that denature a cell- |
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| Temperature, pH, and salitity |
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| a nonprotein helper of the enzyme that allow it to function |
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| hinders enzymes, slows down reaction |
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| competitive and noncompetitive |
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| disguises itself as a substrate and stops the substrate from entering active site, slowing down work |
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| Noncompetitive Inhibitor- |
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| binds the enzyme somewhere besides the active site |
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| a metabolic reaction is blocked by its product. |
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- provide structural order for metabolism
- form a boundary around cell
- control incoming and outgoing traffic
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| plasma membrane of the cell |
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| hydrophobic head and 2 hydrophilic tails |
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| membrane of phospholipids and protein |
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| Why are cellular membrane described as a fluid mosaic? |
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| Diverse protein(a "mosaic") float in a "fluid" phospholipid bilayer |
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| Function of the proteins in the membrane- |
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| tendency for particles of any kind to spread evenly from high concentration to low concentration (passive transport) |
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| Spreading from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
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| movement diffusing down until equilibrium is reached |
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| This transport is necessary for all cells. |
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| when a protein helps a substance pass through the membrane |
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| transport protein for water |
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| diffusion of water through a membrane |
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| tendency of a cell to gain or lose water |
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| cell remains at a constant volume |
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| when the cell membrane shrinks and separates from the plasma membrane |
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| can move molecules against the concentration gradient and requires ATP |
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| a membrane covered vesicle moves toward the plasma membrane. the vesicle may fuse with the membrane and expel its contents. |
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| macromolecules force the membrane inwards |
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Phagocytosis-"cellular eating"
Pinocytosis- "cellular drinking"
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis- the receptor proteins pick up a certain molecule then close and form a vesicle |
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| are important. if you dont have cholesterol receptors harmful levels of cholesterol can accumulate in the blood |
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